Popanda kuthirira, kupanga mbatata kopindulitsa sikungakhale kovuta kumadera omwe kumagwa mvula yochepa. Chinyontho choyenera cha m'nthaka nyengo yayikulu ndichinsinsi chokulitsa zokolola za tuber, zabwino komanso kubzala kwa olima.
n dothi lokhathamira bwino, ndizovuta kuthirira mbatata nthawi yachangu koyambirira, chifukwa mbewu zathanzi zimadya madzi mwachangu momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito. Pamene denga la mbatata limakhwima pakatikati pa nyengo, kumwa mbewu kumatsika kwambiri, koma kuthirira koyenera ndikofunikira. Denga la mbatata likakhazikika, cha pakati pa Julayi pakati pa Washington, chomeracho chimayamba kugwira ntchito kuchokera pakukula kwamasamba mpaka kukulira kwa tuber.
Pakati pakukula kwa mbewu za tuber bulking mpaka kukhwima, tidasanthula mafunso awa:
- Kodi chomera chokwanira bwino chimafuna madzi ochuluka motani?
- Ndi liti pamene kuthirira kumapeto kwa nyengo kumakhala kopitilira muyeso?
- Kodi ma cultivar amayankhanso chimodzimodzi?
Njira zofufuzira
Chaka chilichonse kuyambira 2018-20, tidabzala mbewu zisanu za mbatata - Alturas, Clearwater Russet, Ranger Russet, Russet Burbank ndi Umatilla Russet - pafupi ndi Othello, Washington, ndipo tidazipanga pogwiritsa ntchito ulimi wothirira pakati pa kutuluka ndi nyengo yapakatikati. Kuthirira koyenera kwaulimi kunaperekedwa ku 100% ya evapotranspiration (ET), yomwe ikuyerekeza kuti ikugwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yothirira ya Washington State University (WSU).
Chomera chimatha ndikukula mizu - pafupifupi masiku 1500 okula (kutentha pang'ono kwa 45 ℉, ndi malire apamwamba a 95 ℉), komwe kunali pakati pa masiku 95 ndi 105 mutabzala (DAP) - magawo asanu a ulimi wothirira anali imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalimi onse: 120% ET, 100% ET (otengera mulimi wonyenga), 80% ET, 60% ET ndi 40% ET. Njira zothirira zidapitilira mpaka mipesa idaphedwa kapena kufa (~ 150 DAP), ndipo dothi limasungidwa lonyowa mpaka nthawi yokolola. Zokolola za Tuber ndi mtundu wake zidawunikidwa ndikubwezeranso kwa olima kumawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano wokhazikika wa ku France.
Zotsatira ndi zokambirana
(Chifukwa cha kulingalira kwa danga lamasamba, si deta yonse yomwe ikuwonetsedwa.) Zokolola zonse pazamayi anayi omwe si a Alturas zidakwera 100% ET, pomwe Alturas adakwera 80% ET. Kuthirira kopitilira 100% ET kwalephera kusintha kwambiri zokolola zonse pamalimi. Kutsirira kwakumapeto kwa nyengo yocheperako 100% ET kudapangitsa kuchepa kwathunthu kwa zokolola mpaka 26% pamalimi. Ndondomeko yosinthidwa yonse idakonzedwa ndikuthirira pakati pa 80% ET ndi 100% ET pazomera zonse (onani Chithunzi 1).
Kubwerera kwakukulu kwa Alturas ndi Umatilla Russet kunafika pakuthirira kumapeto kwa nyengo kumapeto kwa 80% ET. Kubwerera kwathunthu kudakulitsidwa ndi 100% ya ET m'malo mwa Clearwater Russet, Ranger Russet ndi Russet Burbank (Chithunzi 1). Pa 40% ET, kubweza kwathunthu kudachepetsedwa mpaka 38% ya Clearwater Russet komanso ochepera 30% pazomera zina. Njira zosinthira zocheperako zimachepetsedwa chifukwa chakuchepa kwa zokolola zomwe zingagulitsidwe komanso mtundu wa tuber.
Pamene kuchuluka kwa ulimi wothirira kunatsika, kuchuluka kwa zokolola zonse zopangidwa ndi US No. 1 grade tubers zidakwera; misinkhu yothirira yayikulu idatsogolera ku tubers zokulirapo, zoyipa. Mwachitsanzo, mbewu za Alturas zidatulutsa timabzala tambiri tambiri tomwe timakumana ndi mafunde pamene kuthirira kumawonjezeka (Chithunzi 2). Pafupifupi 25% ya ma tubers a Alturas anali ndi ming'alu yakukula pomwe kuthirira kunali kwakukulu (120% ET).
China chomwe chimakhudza kubwereranso kwakukulu kwa mbewu zonse ndikutaya mphamvu yokoka momwe kuchuluka kwa ulimi wothirira kunakulirakulira (Chithunzi 3). Zomera zomwe zimalandira kuthirira kocheperako, zimapanga ma tubers okhala ndi zinthu zowuma kwambiri kuposa zomwe zili pansi pothirira kwambiri. Mtundu wachangu waku France wazilimidwe zonse udachepetsedwa pomwe milingo yothirira idakwera kumapeto kwa nyengo; Komabe, si mbewu zonse zomwe zidasowa mumtundu wachangu, komanso sizinali zofunikira nthawi zonse kuvomereza msika.
Mawuwo
Kupewa kuthirira mopitilira muyeso kumapeto kwa nyengo kumathandizira kusintha kwa tuber ndikuchepetsa ming'alu yakukula (Alturas). Mitundu yonse yamaluwa idabweretsanso ndalama zabwino kwambiri komanso zokolola pomwe mbewu zolimidwa zidathiriridwa kapena kupitilira 80% ET kuyambira pakati pa nyengo mpaka kupha mpesa. Timalimbikitsa alimi a Alturas kutsika kuchokera ku 100% ET mpaka 80% ET mkati mwa milungu inayi kapena isanu ndi umodzi yomaliza yomwe ikubweretsa kupha mpesa. Izi zikuyenera kuyambitsa kubwerera kwabwino kwa wolima mwa kusunga zokolola ndi mphamvu yokoka kwinaku mukuchepetsa kukula kwa tuber.
Kwa Clearwater Russet, Ranger Russet ndi Russet Burbank, timalimbikitsa pakati pa nyengo yothirira 100% ET, ndi Umatilla 80-100% ET, mpaka pafupi milungu itatu mphesa isanaphe / kuneneratu kufa kwa mbewu. Kutatsala milungu itatu kuti mukolole, timalimbikitsa alimi kuti achepetse 80% ET kuti alole kuti mbewu ndi ma tubers akhwime mwachilengedwe.
Kuchepetsa ulimi wothirira kumapeto kwa nyengo kumathandizanso kuti tuber isasunthike chifukwa chochepetsa matenda komanso kuwola kofananira, komwe kumatha kukhala ngati ma tubers atakhala dothi lonyowa kapena lonyowa kudikirira kukolola. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchepa kwadzidzidzi kwa madzi akudziko kumapeto kwa nyengo ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti zikwaniritse kusasitsa komwe kumayambitsa. Ngakhale sizowona, 100% ET nthawi zambiri imakhala yofanana ndi madzi a m'nthaka okhala ndi 80-100% yamphamvu m'munda panthawi yothirira ndi kukula kwazomera. Madzi a nthaka omwe alipo 80% ET ndi pafupifupi 65-70% yamphamvu m'munda.
Olembawo amathokoza Northwest Potato Research Consortium, Washington State Potato Commission ndi mafakitale, ndi Washington State University kuti athandizire ntchitoyi. Francisco Gonzalez adachita kafukufukuyu kutsatira Ph.D. yake motsogozedwa ndi a Mark Pavek, Washington State University Potato Research Group.