Kwa zaka zambiri, ofufuza apeza zambiri zofananira zabwino ndi zoyipa za mbewu zonse ndi zodulidwa. Posachedwapa, gulu langa lidasanthula zomwe zachitika zaka 10 zotsatizana za mayeso akumunda kuyerekeza momwe mbatata yodulidwa ndi mbatata yaing'ono (yomwe imatchedwanso njere imodzi) ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amalimbana ndi zowola zowuma za Fusarium.
Nkhaniyi ikupezeka mu March 2022 ya Olima mbatata.
Kafukufuku yemwe adasindikizidwa m'mbuyomu adawonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mbeu yodulidwa yomwe idathiridwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumapangitsa kuti Fusarium iwole mouma komanso zokolola zambiri (za machubu akulu ndi zokolola zonse) poyerekeza ndi njere ya dontho limodzi lomwe silinalandire mankhwala opha bowa. Komabe, mu kafukufuku wakaleyu, palibe kuyerekezera komwe kunapangidwa ndi mbewu yadontho limodzi yomwe idathandizidwa ndi fungicide. Kuyambira pamenepo, mayesero ofanana ku yunivesite ya Idaho adapangidwa kuti aphatikizepo chithandizo choterocho, pomwe fungicide idagwiritsidwa ntchito pambewu imodzi.
Makamaka, tinkafuna kudziwa ngati mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda anali othandiza pa njere zonse monga mmene amachitira pa njere zodulidwa pochepetsa zowola zowuma za Fusarium, matenda omwe amatha kuchitika akamasungidwa, akagwira ndi kukonza, komanso akabzala. Matendawa amatha kuchokera ku tuber-borne inoculum kapena kuchokera ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda zomwe zimapezeka m'nthaka. Tinkafunanso kudziwa ngati mbewu yodulidwa yotetezedwa ndi fungicide ikadaposa mbewu ya dontho limodzi ikatetezedwanso ndi fungicide.
Zimene Tinachita
Mayesero onse a kafukufuku wathu wazaka 10 adachitidwa ku yunivesite ya Idaho Aberdeen Research & Extension Center. Mbatata za Russet Burbank zochokera ku mbeu zovomerezeka zomwezo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati mwa zaka 10 zilizonse. Mankhwala asanu ndi limodzi anali ofanana pazaka zonse:
- Dulani mbewu, osati yothira katemera komanso osathandizidwa ndi fungicide
- Mbewu ya dontho limodzi, yosalowetsedwa komanso yosathandizidwa ndi fungicide
- Mbeu zodulidwa, popanda fungicide
- Mbeu yothira dontho limodzi, palibe fungicide
- Mbewu zodulidwa zimayikidwa, zothiridwa ndi fungicide
- Mbeu yothira dontho limodzi, yothiridwa ndi fungicide
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe tidagwiritsa ntchito anali mankhwala ophatikizika a fludioxonil ndi mancozeb, ndipo tidawapaka pamlingo wolembedwa zonse.
Njira zonse zochizira (mankhwala 3 mpaka 6) adawathira ndi timbewu ta timbewu ta timbewu ta timbewu ta timbewu ta timbewu ta timbewu ta timbewu ta timbewu timene timayambitsa matenda timene timawola mu labotale tating'onoting'ono ta Fusarium titangodula ndi tisanagwiritse ntchito mankhwala aliwonse a mbewu ya fungicide, kuti tiyesere tizilombo toyambitsa matenda towola. Kuyeseraku kudakhazikitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi mawonekedwe a block block. Uwu ndi mtundu wanthawi zonse wamapangidwe oyesera mu kafukufuku waulimi chifukwa amatengera kusiyanasiyana kwachilengedwe komwe kumachitika m'munda.
Zomera zitayamba kuwonekera, tinayamba kusonkhanitsa deta. Patangotha masabata angapo atabzala, tinayamba kuyesa kamera. Pakati pa nyengo, tidakumba zomera 10 pa chiwembu chilichonse kuti tiwunikire manambala a tsinde, Fusarium zowola pa kachidutswa kakang'ono ka mbewu kapena tuber, ndi zigawo za zokolola ndi giredi. Popeza kuti mayeserowo adabzalidwa m'minda yomwe ili ndi mbiri ya Rhizoctonia canker, tinayesanso matendawa. Zomera zinaphedwa ndi mpesa pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a diquat, ndipo pafupifupi milungu itatu pambuyo pake, zomera zotsala m'mindazo zinakololedwa.
Zimene Tinapeza
Titayang'ana zomwe zidachitika, tidapeza kuti mbeu yadontho limodzi idamera bwino kuposa mbewu yodulidwa (kaya idathiridwa ndi fungicide kapena ayi), ndipo mbewu yothiridwa ndi fungicide (kaya yadontho limodzi kapena yodulidwa) idamera bwino kuposa mbewu yopanda mankhwala. . Tidawonanso nambala ya tsinde, yomwe ingakhale yothandiza posamalira mbewu ya mbatata, chifukwa kukula kwa tuber kumatha kukhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa zimayambira. Misika ina imafuna ma tubers akuluakulu, omwe amafanana (cholinga chomwe chimachokera ku tsinde zochepa), pamene misika ina imafuna ma tubers ang'onoang'ono, ochulukirapo (cholinga chomwe chimatheka bwino kwambiri kuchokera ku zomera zomwe zimabala tsinde zambiri).
Tsoka ilo, zambiri zathu sizinathandize kwenikweni pakuyesa kulosera nambala ya tsinde, zomwe mwina sizingachitike potengera mtundu wa mbewu zokha. Zotsatirazi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi kufotokozedwa ndi magulu ena awonetsa kuti kulosera nambala ya tsinde ndizovuta komanso zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zinthu zina kunja kwa phunziro lathu, monga zigawo za kutentha posungira kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mahomoni a zomera.
Pankhani ya zowola zowuma za Fusarium, tidatha kuwonetsa momveka bwino kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amatsogolera ku zowola zotsika kwambiri za Fusarium m'zaka zonse kupatula zaka ziwiri, mosasamala kanthu za mtundu wa mbewu. Tidawonetsanso kuti mbeu ya dontho limodzi nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zowola zocheperako za Fusarium poyerekeza ndi njere zodulidwa, mosasamala kanthu kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda adagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Tsopano pafunso lofunikira: Kodi mtundu wa mbewu umakhudza bwanji zokolola ndi ubwino wake? Pamene deta ya zaka zonse idaphatikizidwa ndikuwunikidwa, zinapezeka kuti panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu mu zokolola za tuber za mbeu imodzi yokha poyerekeza ndi mbewu yodulidwa. Kuyang'ana zokolola zonse (kuphatikiza US No. 1, US No. 2 ndi culls), tidapeza kuti ngakhale mbewu yadontho limodzi idapangitsa kuti pakhale zokolola zambiri kuposa zodulidwa, mtundu wa mbewu sunakhudze kwambiri. zokolola za US No. 1 tubers. Kukhudzika kwakukulu pa zokolola zonse, komanso zofunika kwambiri pa zokolola zonse za US No.
Pamapeto pake, ndi mbewu yanji yomwe ili yabwino kwambiri zimatengera zinthu zambiri, monga zomwe zimatsatiridwa ndi ntchito yaulimi, kupezeka, mtengo wadontho limodzi poyerekeza ndi mbewu zodulidwa, ngakhale mitundu ya mbatata (ntchito apa inali yochepa. ku Russet Burbank). Tikudziwa kuti Fusarium dry rot pambewu ya mbatata imayendetsedwa bwino pogwiritsa ntchito mbewu zotsimikizika zapamwamba, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zogwirira ntchito za ma tubers omwe amachepetsa mabala ndikuchiritsa machiritso, ndikubzala pansi pamikhalidwe yomwe imalepheretsa kukhazikika kwa mbewu ndikulimbikitsa kukula kwa mbewu.
Kuphatikiza pa njirazi, chimodzi mwazida zabwino kwambiri zothanirana ndi zowola zowuma mumbewu ya Fusarium, posatengera mtundu wa mbewu zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oteteza bowa omwe amapaka njere.