Ndi kuyenda kwa maola asanu kumadzulo kwa Uganda kukafika Kachwekano Zonal Agricultural Research and Development Institute (KaZARDI), komwe mbatata za GM Irish zikumangidwa. Alendo amalandilidwa ndi zomera zowoneka bwino, zomwe zimayeserera kuyeserera kwa mbatata mdziko muno.
Gulu la alimi omwe amachita ulimi wa mbatata ndikupanga mbewu adabwera kudzacheza ku sukuluyi. Woyang'anira KaZARDI a Alex Barekye anafotokozera alimiwo kuti mbewuzo zikufufuzidwabe ndipo zikuyenera kutulutsidwa chaka chamawa, pokhapokha boma litapereka kuwala kobiriwira. Alimi ena omwe amabwera kudalowetsamo adamulowetsa, nthawi zina amafuna kuti mbeu ya mbatata yomwe idapangidwa ndi chibadwa chawo ipezeke msanga. Charles Byarugaba, mlimi wamalonda a mbatata komanso mtsogoleri wodziwika bwino wobzala mbewu za mbatata ku Kabale, Uganda, adatsutsa asayansiwo.
"Tikufuna mbewu ya mbatata ya GMO nthawi yomweyo," adatero. "Mutha kutsatira malamulowa koma siziyenera kutikhudza ife alimi chifukwa tikusowa mitundu yolimbana ndi vuto la mbatata." Alimi anzawo adati ngati sangapatsidwe mbeu zosagonjetsedwa, sipadzakhala njira ina koma kuzipeza mosaloledwa. Tsoka ilo, ndale zakuulima ku Uganda, makamaka pankhani yaukadaulo wapamwamba, zasokoneza kukhazikitsidwa kwa ukadaulo wapamwamba. Alimi mdziko muno akukumana ndi mavuto owopsa.
"Mbewu zathu zatsala pang'ono kutha ndipo palibe njira zodziwika zothanirana ndi tizirombo ndi matenda atsopano kupatula kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo," Dr Wilberforce Tushemeirwe, wasayansi wodziwika, anati. Mbewu za chakudya monga chinangwa, nthochi ndi mbatata zimawonongeka chifukwa cha matenda osachiritsika a mbewu. Chimanga chikuukiridwa ndi nyongolotsi yakugwa. Kotoni yomwe ndi mbewu yobzala yakhala yovuta kulima ku Uganda chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa tizirombo ta thonje, komwe ukadaulo wa GM uli nawo m'maiko ena ambiri.
The Ulamuliro waukadaulo wamajini Lamulo, lomwe kale linkatchedwa National Biotechnology and Biosafety bill latsala pang'ono kusainidwa kukhala lamulo. Zitha kuloleza kupanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zomwe zasinthidwa mdziko muno, ndipo zitha kupangira njira zothetsera biotech zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko ena ambiri, kuphatikiza m'maiko ena aku Africa. Komabe, magulu a anti GM akhala akuyesetsa kuti lamulo la GERA lisatsatidwe. Mneneri wa Nyumba Yamalamulo a Rebbeca Kadaga adathandizira lamuloli ndipo kangapo konse adayesapo kupanga khoramu yamalamulo koma mpaka pano palibe chomwe achitapo.
Mbatata zaku Ireland chakudya ndi malonda ku Uganda
Mbewu zomwe zazingidwa posachedwa ndi mbatata zaku Ireland, chakudya choteteza chakudya ndipo chimalimidwa kumapiri akumwera chakumadzulo kwa Uganda ku Kabale ndi Kisoro. Kwa madera a m'chigawo chino, amaonedwa kuti ndi chakudya chambiri komanso gwero lalikulu la ndalama.
Dzikoli limadalira mbatata kuchokera kwa alimi akumwera chakumadzulo, omwe amapereka 60% ya chakudya, ndi iwo omwe ali kumapiri akum'mawa kwa Uganda, omwe amapatsa 40% ina. Chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kuchokera kumatauni, zokolola zakula ndipo zikufalikira kumadera ena a Uganda.
Mtengo wachuma wa mbatata
Pakadali pano matani 300,000 a mbatata amapangidwa chaka chilichonse ku Uganda, komwe alimi amapeza mitengo yamsika kuyambira pakati pa masenti 33-50 pa kilogalamu kapena USD $ 1,500 -2,000 pa hekitala, kutengera nyengo.
Mbatata zaku Ireland zikukula kutchuka, kuthekera kwakukulu kopezera ndalama ndikuwongolera zakudya. Boma la Uganda lati ndi mbewu yofunikira mdzikolo. Alimi amalima mbatata pafupifupi 1,800 mita kumtunda kwa nyanja m'malo omwe ali m'malire ndi Rwanda ndi Congo, komanso kum'mawa kwa dzikolo mozungulira Mt. Elgon. Alimi pakadali pano amakhala ndi matani asanu ndi awiri pa hekitala, koma ndi mitundu yabwinoko ndi njira zabwino zaulimi, amatha kupanga matani 40 pamitengo imodzi.
"Malinga ndi momwe ndimaonera, ndikuwona mbatata zikusintha miyoyo ya alimi ku Uganda omwe amachita bwino ntchito yolima mbewuyi ndipo phindu lomwe amapeza, alimi angakwanitse kumanga nyumba zatsopano. Amagwiritsa ntchito mbatata ngati chakudya choteteza mabanja awo. Padziko lonse lapansi, mbatata yatenga gawo lalikulu podyetsa anthu omwe akukwera m'mizinda. Msika nawonso ukukula, ”adatero Barekye.
Kuswana kokhazikika kumasinthira ku GM
Abel Arinatwe, woweta mbatata ku KaZARDI, adati asayansi azaulimi mdziko muno adayamba kuswana mitundu yakumaloko m'ma 1970. Mitunduyi ndi monga Rutuku ndi Victoria, ndipo yalandiridwa kwambiri.
Ngakhale mu 1997 asayansi ku Bungwe La National Agricultural Research Organisation Anakhazikitsa ndi kutulutsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Victoria yomwe inali yolimbana ndi tizirombo, koyambirira kwa 2004 alimi adakumana ndi zovuta zazikulu zakuchedwa kuwononga mbatata m'magawo onse mdziko muno. Mitundu yosakanizidwa yosakanizidwa idasinthidwa ndikutulutsidwa mu 2016; Naropot 1-4 yokhala ndi zokolola za matani 20 pa hekitala ndi Kachpot 1 ndi 2, yopereka matani 7-8 pa hekitala. Mitundu imeneyi iyambanso kugonja chifukwa choopsa mochedwa. Asayansi akuti Uganda ikutaya US $ 500 biliyoni chaka chilichonse chifukwa chakuchedwa.
Kuswana kwa GM ntchito idayamba mu 2012 mogwirizana ndi Mbatata Yapadziko Lonse Center (CIP) ku Lima, Peru. Kuyesera kopitilira 10 kwachitika kuyambira pamenepo kuti zitsimikizire kuti majini amapereka kuthana kotheratu ndi vuto lakumapeto. Malinga ndi Arinaitwe, KaZARDI yakhala ikupanga mtundu wina watsopano wa Victoria powonjezera mitundu itatu yama jekeseni (3R) yomwe imapezeka kuchokera ku mitundu ya mbatata zakutchire yomwe idapangidwa kuchokera ku CIP:
Njira yomwe tidagwiritsa ntchito popanga mbatata zopangidwa ndi biojini ndikupanga majini momwe majini atatu amitundu yakutchire a Solanum venturi ndi Solanum balbocastanum omwe amadziwika kuti amalimbana nawo adadziwika, adapangidwa ndikuwasamutsira ku Victoria komweko pogwiritsa ntchito njira zogwirizira zosinthira mu labotale. Izi zidatsatiridwa ndi mayeso okhwima mu labu, nyumba zobiriwira komanso kumunda kuti atsimikizire kuti jini lomwe adasamutsiralo limatha kuteteza.
Zomera za Victoria zidasiyidwa kuti zikule kwa milungu isanu ndi inayi ndipo omwe ali ndi ma geni a 3R adawonetsa 100% yolimbana ndi zoopsa mochedwa ndipo omwe alibe adafafanizidwa. Pakutha nyengo yawo yakukula m'masabata 18, zipatso zomwe adakolola zinali zathanzi. Mosiyana ndi mitundu yodziwika bwino yomwe imakhala ndi matani 20 pa hekitala, mtundu wa GMO umapereka matani 35 - 40 pa hekitala, kutengera ndiulimi. Popeza kuchedwa kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo la GERA ku Uganda kumakhudza pomwe mbatata yatsopano ya GM ingatuluke, bungwe la US Agency for International Development (USAID), pantchito yake ya "feed the future", pakadali pano ikugwirizana ndi NARO kuphatikizira mabungwe azokha kuti apange malonda .
A Simon Byabagambi, katswiri wa kasamalidwe ka mapulogalamu ku USAID ku Kampala, adati "Palibe chopinga chomwe chiyenera kuyimitsa ukadaulo womwe ungatengeredwe mdziko ngati Uganda. Gulu langa likugwira nawo ntchito zamagulu azamakampani omwe amagulitsa chakudya chamafuta kuti ayambe kukonza ndikupaka mankhwala a mbatata za GMO. Izi zitha kukhala ngati crisps ndi ufa wokhala mmatumba ophikira ndi kupanga phala loyamwitsa ana. Magulosale akudzaza ndi zakudya zopangidwa kuchokera ku GMO zomwe anthu akugula ndikudya, bwanji osagulitsanso malonda athu. ” Anatinso alimi ochepa omwe angasankhidwe atha kulumikizana ndi asayansiwo kuti apange mbatata za GM zomwe zitha kuperekedwa kwa opanga chakudya.
Kodi zotulutsa za mbatata za GMO ndi ziti?
Barekye adazindikira kuti kukana vuto lomwe linayambitsa njala ya mbatata yaku Ireland kungateteze njala yomweyo ku Africa:
Kukaniza kuchepa kwa mdima m'munda ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa mbatata za mbatata kwa alimi ku Africa zomwe zingachepetse kutayika ndi mtengo wazopanga kwambiri. Matenda ochedwa late blight amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha kuwononga kwawo minda ya mbatata padziko lonse lapansi. M'zaka za m'ma 1840 zidadzetsa njala yaku Ireland zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu 1.5 miliyoni amwalire ku Ireland ndipo mwina amafa kwambiri ku Europe. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, matendawa ndi omwe amachititsa kusokonekera kwa zokolola komanso kukwera mtengo kwa mafangasi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi alimi pafupifupi kulikonse komwe kulimidwa zokolola zomwe zimawononga alimi ku Africa.
Mbeu za GM zafika mwachangu kwambiri popeza nkhawa zakusintha kwanyengo zawonjezeka. A Barekye adazindikira njira zingapo zomwe asayansi ku Africa adazindikira zakusintha kwanyengo komwe kumakhudza kupanga mbatata zaku Ireland:
- M'madera a Kumpoto ndi Central mchigawo cha Plateau ku Nigeria, kupanga mbatata yaku Ireland kwayimilira chifukwa cha chilala, kusefukira kwamvula ndi mvula yopanda nyengo.
- Ku South Africa, chilala ndi nyengo yotentha zachepetsa zokolola za mbatata zaku Ireland m'malo onse opanga dzikolo.
- Ochita kafukufuku akuneneratu kuti nsabwe za m'masamba m'madera ena olima mdziko muno zidzawonjezeka pofika chaka cha 2050.
- Ku Njoro, Kenya, ofufuza apeza kuti kukwera kwa kutentha kumawonjezera tizirombo ta mbatata zaku Ireland.
- Kudera la Mekelle kumpoto kwa Ethiopia, kuwuma kwanthawi yayitali ndi mvula yam'mbuyo yadzetsa kuchepa kwa zokolola za mbatata zaku Ireland.
Asayansi amatolera mitundu yamtchire ya ku Ireland, yomwe idatulutsa mitundu 39 kuchokera kumayiko asanu ndi limodzi: Peru, Brazil, Ecuador, Guatemala, Costa Rica ndi Chile. Zosonkhanitsazi zithandizira kubzala mitundu yatsopano kudera lonselo komanso kwina kulikonse. Tekinoloje yakubzala mbatata ya GM ku Uganda tsopano ikuloledwa ngati ikuloledwa - ku Kenya, Ethiopia, Egypt ndi South Africa.
Ngakhale mitundu yamtchire ndiyofunika posankha mitundu yomwe ingalimbane ndi nyengo komanso momwe zinthu ziliri ku Uganda, kusintha kwa majini kumatha kubweretsa mikhalidwe ina yambiri ku mbatata, kuti alimi adzalandire phindu lawo. Zolepheretsa kuyambitsa mbewu zolimbana ndi matenda sizilinso zaluso; alidi andale.