Kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito CIPC kwa olima mbatata ku EU kuli ndi mafakitale a mbatata mbali zonse za dziwe.
Pomwe chlorpropham (CIPC) idabwera kuti iwunikidwe koyambirira kwa 2018, olima mbatata aku Europe sanadandaule kwambiri ndi kutaya mphukira woletsa. Pambuyo pake chaka chomwecho, zinawonekeratu kuti kusakhazikitsanso zinthu zinali zotheka.
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) idadzudzula nkhawa zokhudzana ndi chiopsezo, ndipo pomwe zovuta sizinathetsedwe, chilolezo chidachotsedwa.
Njira zina za CIPC zilipo, koma pakadali pano sizigwiranso ntchito - ndipo ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri. Kodi kutha kwamalamulo ku Europe kungakhudze olima mbatata aku North America? Palibe amene akudziwa, koma kukonzekera ndikofunikira.
'Ntchito' Yosayembekezereka
Chlorpropham atabwera kuti adzaunikenso mu 2018, EFSA idapemphedwa kuti ifufuze lipoti loyambiranso lokonzedwa ndi Risk Management Solutions (RMS). Madandaulo angapo adadzutsidwa pakuwunikanso.
Makamaka, a ESFA adapeza kuti malo okhala ndi ma chlorpropham omwe anali atatsala pang'ono kuchepa anali, panthawiyo, anali opitilira muyeso wovomerezeka wa tsiku ndi tsiku (ADI) ndi zana la 180, ndikuwonekera pazotsalira za metabolite yake 3CA idadutsa ADI ndi 195 peresenti. Poyesa kovuta, chlorpropham idaposa chiwopsezo chodziwika bwino (ARfD) ndi 797 peresenti, 3CA idapitilira ARfD pofika 2360%.
Panthawiyo, EFSA idatinso nkhawa zakomwe ma endocrine amasokoneza katundu wa chlorpropham ndikupempha lipoti loyesa zoopsa za anthropods osagwirizana nawo. Pomwe izi sizikanatha kumaliza, European Commission (EC) idapempha ofunsirawo, gulu lomwe limapangidwa ndi Certis Europe, Aceto ndi UPL, kuti apereke zotsutsana pazomwe apeza.
Kudzitchinjiriza kwawo sikunali kokwanira kuthana ndi nkhawa, akufotokoza a Nele Cattoor, manejala wazoyang'anira ku Belgapom - bungwe lopanda phindu ku Belgian malonda ogulitsa mbatata.
"M'mwezi wa Marichi 2019, gulu lomwe lidagwira linasiya kuthandizira zoimira zonse," Cattoor akutero. "Mwanjira ina, palibe ntchito yotetezeka yomwe ingadziwike."
Gawo la mbatata ku Europe lidadabwitsidwa. "Mu 2018, aliyense amakhulupirirabe kuti tili ndi mwayi wopezanso CIPC," akuwonjezera Cattoor. "Chakumapeto kwa chaka chimenecho, zinaonekeratu kuti uwu unali utopia, chifukwa cha manambala ovuta kwambiri a ADI ndi ARfD."
Zotsatira zake, kukonzanso sikunaperekedwe ndipo Mayiko Amembala aku Europe adalamulidwa kuti achotse chilolezo cha mankhwala oteteza zitsamba omwe ali ndi chlorpropham pofika Januware 8, 2020.
"Zinawonekeratu kuti ndi poizoni yemweyu, sitinathenso kupitiriza ndi chikumbumtima chabwino ndikuyang'ana m'tsogolo," akutero Cattoor.
Akuluakuluwo adapereka mwayi wachisangalalo womwe udatha pa Okutobala 8, 2020 ndikuuza mayiko omwe ali mamembala kuti apange nthawi yayitali mwachidule momwe angathere. Mayiko ena adadikirira mpaka nthawi yachisangalalo itatha, pomwe ena adachotsa chlorpropham koyambirira. Ku Belgium, alimi adapatsidwa mpaka Juni 30, 2020.
Cattoor akufotokoza kuti: "Cholinga choyamba cha Unduna wathu chinali kuchichotsa mu Januware 2020. "Tidakwanitsa kufotokoza nyengo za mbewu za mbatata ndi kasungidwe kake ndikuwonjezera mpaka kumapeto kwa Juni 2020."
"Unduna wa Zaumoyo ku Belgian sunkafuna kutsegula chitseko chogwiritsa ntchito molakwika polola kuti akagwiritse ntchito koyambirira kwa nyengo ikubwerayi," akuwonjezera. "Ankafuna kuti mbewu ya 2019 ikhale mbewu yomaliza kulandira."
Kusankha Njira Yina
Kutsatira kusakhazikitsanso, alimi ndi akatswiri osunga zinthu adayamba kuyesa njira zina za CIPC. Pali zingapo zomwe zikupezeka, kuphatikiza mpweya wa ethylene, spearmint mafuta (ogulitsidwa ngati Biox-M), mafuta a lalanje (ogulitsidwa ngati Argos), ndi 1,4DMN (ogulitsidwa ngati DormFresh ku Europe).
Ngakhale pali njira zina, iliyonse ikuwoneka kuti ikupereka zovuta. Ngakhale 1,4DMN imavomerezedwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito m'maiko ambiri am'maiko ndi mayiko ena achitatu, sivomerezedwa m'maiko ena mwa omwe amachita nawo malonda ku Europe. Izi nthawi zina sizitanthauza kuti zotsalira, zomwe zimamasulira ochepera 0.01 mg / kg, zitha kuwonekera pazogulitsa.
1,4 Dimethylnapthalene (1,4DMN) ndimadzimadzi a mbatata omwe amapezeka mwachilengedwe omwe amalimbitsa kugona, kenako amadzaza kwathunthu. Chifukwa mwachilengedwe zimapezeka mu mbatata, pamakhala zokambirana pazomwe zotsalira zimayesedwa.
United pansi pa European Potato Processors 'Association (EUPPA), opanga ma mbatata aku Europe pano akugwira ntchito limodzi ndi DormFresh kuti apeze yankho, Cattoor akuti. Adalemba mndandanda wamayiko atatu (mayiko omwe si mamembala a EU koma ali ndi ufulu kuyenda momasuka mu EU) ndipo akugwira ntchito molimbika ndi aboma kuti agwirizane. Chifukwa cha malamulo ampikisano, CEO wa Belgapom Christophe Vermeulen alibe ufulu wokambirana mayiko atatu omwe akugwira nawo ntchito kapena chifukwa. Koma adati izi zikuchitika.
"Palibe zopindika panjira yothetsera yankho lachikhalire," akutero.
Gasi wa Ethylene amapatsa alimi yankho lina koma amaperekanso zovuta. Popeza imayambitsa mtundu wosakhazikika mwachangu, ndioyenera kwambiri mbatata zamafuta kuposa kukonza mbatata. Koma ku Belgium, amalonda ena amati ethylene siyabwino ngakhale mbatata za patebulo.
Alimi omwe asankha ma spearmint ndi mafuta a lalanje nawonso akumana ndi zovuta. Zida zonsezi zili ndi flashpoint yofananira, ndipo moto udachitika nthawi zina ku Germany, komwe ogwiritsa ntchito adatsuka zida mosakwanira pakati pa ntchito. Ku Belgium, bungwe la nthambi Belpotato.be linagwira ntchito limodzi ndi Certis ndi UPL kulemba mapepala azidziwitso momwe angagwirire ntchito mosamala ndi zatsopanozi. Makampani onse a phyto pano akugwira ntchito kuti avomereze kuzizira kwa nebulization, akufotokoza Cattoor, zomwe zingathetse ngozi yamoto.
"Njira zina zimayamba kuzolowera," akutero. "Zimatenga nyengo zina kuti mukhale ndi chidziwitso chokwanira."
Zosankha Zotsika Mtengo
Monga mlangizi wodziyimira pawokha wa mbatata komanso mwini wa Potato Solutions, a Tim Kitson akhala akugwira ntchito yolima mbatata ku United Kingdom kwazaka 25. Pazaka khumi zapitazi, awona olima pang'onopang'ono akuchoka ku CIPC, m'malo mwake amasankha mafani oyendetsa pafupipafupi ndi ma sprout inhibitors ena. Pomwe CIPC idachotsedwa, alimi a mbatata aku UK anali akuyesa kale Biox-M ndikuwunika momwe ethylene imagwirira ntchito.
"Ngati wina atandifunsa ngati ndingakhale ndi chidaliro chosunga mbatata popanda CIPC, ndikadakhala wamanjenje ndikukayikira," Kitson akutero. "Koma momwe tikukhalira lero, pafupifupi theka lathuli, tikugwiritsa ntchito Biox-M, ndipo tikuphunzira zambiri zogawa mpweya ndi momwe malonda amagwirira ntchito."
Ngakhale Biox-M imagwira ntchito, kugawa yunifolomu kumakhala kovuta, atero a Kitson. Biox-M ndichinthu chosunthika chomwe chimayenda kudzera pa airstream - zitha kukhala zovuta kufikira ngodya zonse zosungira.
Chovuta china ndi mtengo, popeza Biox-M imawononga katatu kapena kanayi kuposa CIPC. Chogulitsacho chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi, nawonso. Pomwe CIPC itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito milungu isanu ndi umodzi kapena khumi ndi iwiri iliyonse, Biox-M imayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito masabata anayi kapena asanu ndi atatu. Msika womwe uli kale pansi pamavuto, zowonjezera zimawonjezera kupsinjika.
Pakadali pano, UK ikukhala pa zotsalira, ndipo mtengo wamsika waulere suli wokwera kwambiri kuposa mtengo wopangira. Ndi mitengo yosungira yokwera kwambiri, alimi aku UK akuvutika kuti apange malire, Kitson akuti.
"Wakhala chaka chovuta kwambiri," akutero.
Zovuta za CIPC ku North America
Pomwe University of Maine Crops Specialist and Extension Professor Steven Johnson sakuyembekeza kuti chiletso ku United States, akuda nkhawa ndi lingaliro la EU lochotsera CIPC. Chodetsa nkhawa chake ndi ogula komanso ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto, malo odyera mwachangu monga McDonald's, adzafuna mbatata zopanda CIPC.
"Kubwerera m'mbuyo sikumaletsa nthawi zonse," akufotokoza. "Ndikuchepa kwa mbatata kapena kusankha kusazigwiritsa ntchito asanaletsedwe."
M'mbuyomu, US idatumiziranso mbatata ku Europe. Ngakhale, ndizochepa pakadali pano, omwe angatumize kunja sangakhale ofunitsitsa kutseka zitseko. Johnson akuda nkhawa ndikuletsedwa ku Canada, chifukwa mbatata zambiri m'dera lake zimakonzedwa kumalire.
Kuletsa kwa Europe ku CIPC kwadzetsa zokambirana zambiri mobisa. Johnson amakhulupirira kuti ndi kanthawi kuti alimi aku North America akumane ndi zovuta zomwezo.
"Ndi vuto, kudziwa choti ndichite," akutero Johnson. "Zosankha zina sizabwino."
Ngakhale ali ndi mwayi wazinthu zina, alibe owagwiritsira ntchito okwanira kusamalira kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe ali nazo pakadali pano. Ndipo pomwe alimi amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zawo, ambiri akusewera masewerawa.
"Olima athu - ali ndi nkhawa, amakhala osamala," akufotokoza Johnson. "Akukhazikika kuti achitepo kanthu, koma sitikudziwa."
Ngakhale alimi ambiri amadikirira, ena akuyang'ana njira zina. Johnson akukonzekeranso mayeso ang'onoang'ono kuti awone zomwe zimayenda bwino komwe. Pakadali pano, akuyang'ana ku Europe kuti awone momwe alimi akuyendetsera popanda CIPC.
"Ndi ntchito yanga kukhala patsogolo pamavuto osati kuwathamangitsa," akuwonjezera.
Ku Canada, alimi akhala ndi mwayi wazinthu zina monga 1,4DMN kwa zaka 10 tsopano. Wolembetsedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mu mbatata, 1,4DMN ilibe malo otsala kwambiri ku North America. Ndichonso chinthu chokhacho cholembedwera kasamalidwe ka kugona pa mbatata, akutero Bill Orr, wogulitsa ukadaulo waku Canada ku 1,4 Gulu Canada.
Orr samadera nkhawa kwambiri za kuchepetsedwa kwa CIPC ku Canada. Idalembetsedwanso posachedwa, ndipo "kunalibe phokoso" m'makampani, akutero. "Sindikudandaula kuti zitha kutayika malinga ndi malamulo, koma kusintha kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka CIPC kungabweretse kusintha kwa ntchito."
M'tsogolomu, Orr akuyembekeza kuti olima achepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito CIPC ndikuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina ngati 1,4SIGHT kapena 1,4ZAP.
"Mphukira yamphukira ku North America isintha kuchoka pa pulogalamu imodzi kapena ziwiri zamankhwala mpaka pulogalamu yosungira nyengo yayitali yamankhwala angapo omwe azipereka mbatata zopanda zipatso, mbatata zatsopano kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto," akutero.
Monga Orr, Terence Hochstein, wamkulu wa Potato Growers Alberta, alibe nkhawa zotaya CIPC posachedwa. Koma itha kukhala nkhani panjira pamene Health Canada Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) ipanganso kafukufuku wina.
"Tidzawoloka mlathowo tikafika kumeneko," akutero Hochstein.
Hochstein ali ndi nkhawa, akunena kuti otumiza katundu ku Europe mwachangu atha kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito 'CIPC-free' ngati chida chotsatsira kuti apeze msika ku North America kapena kwina kulikonse pamsika wapadziko lonse.
"Kenako amatha matope amadzi," akutero. "Tidikira kuti tiwone zomwe zichitike pamenepo."
Ngakhale Canada siyitumiza kunja mbatata zopangidwa ku Europe, imalandira zochokera kunja kwa kontrakitala. Malinga ndi a Kevin MacIsaac, manejala wamkulu wa United Potato Growers aku Canada, kutumizira kunja kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi mazira a mbatata ku EU ku North America kudakwera ndi 42.3% mu 2020. Izi zikuphatikiza kuwonjezeka kwa 31.3% kwamayiko akunja achisanu kupita ku Canada, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa 42.8% muzinthu zachisanu ku US
MacIsaac akuti akuyang'ana kwambiri nkhani ya CIPC. Sadziwa momwe alimi aku Canada angachitire ndi kutayika kwake, zikadakhala choncho. Alimi aku Europe amamvera chisoni, akutero.
“Kodi timatani nazo?” MacIsaac akufunsa. "Sindikudziwa. Ndikukhulupirira kuti sitiyenera kuthana nawo nthawi yomweyo. ”
"China chake chili pafupi, ndikungofunika kudziwa kuti kuthambo ndikutali bwanji."
Kubwerera ku Europe, Cattoor akuti palibe malingaliro ofuna kulembetsa. Opanga adakankhira, ndikulandila, malire ochepera kwakanthawi (MRL). Idzayamba kugwira ntchito pa Sep. 2, 2021.
"Izi zidaperekedwa chifukwa European Commission ndi mayiko mamembala adavomereza kuti mbiri yakale ya kuipitsa mbatata idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwanthawi yayitali," akutero Cattoor.
Pakadali pano, gawo la mbatata ku Europe lafunsidwa kuti lipange lipoti lofotokoza kukhazikitsidwa kwa kuyeretsa komanso pafupipafupi. Pokonzekera lipotilo, Belgapom yatenga masitolo pafupifupi mbatata 1,000, kuwayang'anira zotsalira za chlorpropham kudzera pakuwonongeka kwa mtanda. Alimi adafunsidwa kuti azilemba mafunso amafupikitsidwe ofotokozera momwe adatsuka malo osungira komanso kangati.
Zambiri zikusonkhanitsidwa ku France ndi ku Netherlands. Malipoti akuyenera kuperekedwa ku EC kuti awunikiridwe pa Disembala 31, 2021. Nkhaniyo idzasinthidwa mzaka zotsatira.