Kwa nthawi yayitali, mbatata zakhala zikudziwika ngati chakudya chamtengo wapatali cha anthu. Kuonjezera apo, ndi imodzi mwa mbewu zapamunda zomwe zimabzalidwa pazaukadaulo komanso zodyetserako ziweto. “Kulima mbatata m’minda,” analemba motero Academician DN Pryanishnikov, n’chimodzimodzi ndi kupeza ngala zitatu zimene poyamba zinkamera. Mwa anthu, mbatata imatchedwa mkate wachiwiri. Olima mbatata mdziko muno, akuchita machitidwe ofunikira a agrotechnical, kukonzanso kosiyanasiyana, atsimikizira kuti m'maboma ambiri ndi madera ndizotheka kupeza zokolola zokhazikika za tubers pachaka pa 250-300 c / ha. Molimba mtima kukwaniritsa zizindikiro ndi m'mafamu apamwamba a dera Moscow, OOO "Razdolie". Kuno mu 2019, mbewu ya mbatata idakulitsidwa ndikukololedwa: pafupifupi matani 9. Katswiri wazachuma pafamuyo Roman Karpunin adayenderanso ofesi ya akonzi ya GlavAgronom, yemwe adagawana zinsinsi zakukula kwa mbatata za "Zavidovsky".
GlavAgronom. Kodi mwakhala mukulima mbatata kwanthawi yayitali bwanji pafamu ya Razdolie LLC?
Roman Karpunin. Razdolie LLC inayamba kulima mbatata mu 2015. Ziyenera kunenedwa kuti kuika minda mwadongosolo pambuyo pa kutha kwa zaka 15-20 sikunali ntchito yophweka, ndipo ntchitoyi ikuchitikabe. Nkhalango zamera m’madera ambiri, kumene bowa ndi zipatso zimachuluka m’chilimwe. Koma, mosasamala kanthu za zovuta zonse, timayesetsa kuyambitsa madera atsopano chaka chilichonse, ndipo ngati n’kotheka, timachotsa zomera zamitengo.
GlavAgronom. Kodi ukadaulo wolima mbatata ndi wotani - wokhala ndi mizere yotalika masentimita 70 kapena 90?
Roman Karpunin. Kwa ife tokha, tinasankha teknoloji yomwe siili yofala kwambiri ku Russia yokhala ndi mizere yotalika masentimita 90. Izi zimatithandiza kuonjezera zokolola zamakina aulimi, kuchepetsa kachulukidwe ka dothi pamalo opangira tuber, kuonjezera malonda ndi zokolola za mbatata, komanso kuchepetsa kadyedwe ka mbeu polima pofuna chakudya. Ulamuliro wa mpweya wamadzi wopangidwa ndi ukadaulo uwu umachepetsa kufalikira kwa mbewu ndi choipitsa mochedwa ndi 10-15%, ma tubers - nthawi 2-3.
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GlavAgronom. Mbatata zomwe zimafunikira pa kasinthasintha wa mbeu zimasiyana malinga ndi nthaka ndi nyengo. Kodi omwe adakula kale mderali polima mbatata ndi ati?
Roman Karpunin. Kusankhidwa kwa mbewu za kasinthasintha wa mbeu kumatengera momwe chuma chikuyendera. Masiku ano, mabizinesi ambiri aulimi ali ndi njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri: kuweta ziweto kapena ulimi. Ndipo kale, pamaziko a izi, ndondomeko ya kuyika kwa mbeu mu kasinthasintha wa mbeu yapangidwa. Ndithudi, dera lililonse lanyengo lili ndi makhalidwe ake. Mwachitsanzo, m'chigawo chapakati cha nyengo, monga lamulo, mbewu zambewu, mbewu zosatha komanso udzu wapachaka, mbewu zomwe sizimakonda kufota ndi mbewu zamafakitale zimasankhidwa kukhala zotsogola zazikulu za mbatata. Kubzala mobwerezabwereza kwa monoculture kumachitidwanso. M'minda yathu, timagwiritsa ntchito kasinthasintha wa mbeu zinayi pogwiritsa ntchito dzinja (tirigu, rye) ndi mbewu za masika (oats), komanso timabwera kudzafesa, monga mbewu yapakatikati, osakaniza a vetch-oat. Ngati muyenera kuika mbatata pa mbatata, ndiye osapitirira zaka ziwiri m'munda umodzi. Koma, monga lamulo, timayesa kuzungulira minda m'njira yakuti chikhalidwe chibwerere kwa icho osachepera patatha nyengo imodzi.
GlavAgronom. Kodi mumagwiritsa ntchito kubzalanso mbewu kwanthawi yayitali bwanji? Pazaulimi zomwe zimathandizira kuti mbatata ikhale yochuluka, kulima ndikofunikira kwambiri. Mbatata imapangitsa kuti nthaka ikhale yovuta kwambiri, ndiye kuti, kusungunuka kwake, kusefa ndi chinyezi. Tiuzeni zinayendera ndi nthawi ya tillage kwa mbatata: zofunika, kapena autumn ndi chisanadze kubzala.
Roman Karpunin. Timayesetsa kuti tisamalime pang’ono. Choncho, autumn tillage pambuyo chimanga ikuchitika ndi chimbale harrows mu imodzi kapena awiri njanji. M'chaka, ngati kuli kofunikira, timalima kapena kukonza ndi mlimi ndi subsoiler. Choncho, tisanadzalemo, timapanga zinthu zabwino kwambiri za kukula ndi kukula kwa zomera za mbatata.
GlavAgronom. Feteleza wothandiza kwambiri komanso wamba ndi manyowa, omwe amatengera kuchuluka kwa zofunda, mawonekedwe ake akuthupi ndi mankhwala, mtundu wa nyama, zaka zawo, nthawi ya khola komanso mtundu wa chakudya. Kodi kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa ku mbatata pafamu ndi kotani, ndi kuchuluka kwa manyowa akagwiritsidwa ntchito? Kodi zokolola za mbatata zimasintha bwanji malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa manyowa? Kodi njira yosungiramo manyowa pafamu ndi yotani? Kaya mitundu ina ya feteleza organic ayikidwa. Kodi feteleza wobiriwira amagwiritsidwa ntchito? Lembani Mlingo, mawu ndi njira ntchito mchere feteleza kwa mbatata.
Roman Karpunin. Udindo wa feteleza wa organic muulimi wachuma chilichonse ndi wosatsutsika. Koma chifukwa makampani.
GlavAgronom. Pazovuta za njira zopezera zokolola zambiri za mbatata, kubzala bwino komanso kukonzekera kubzala ndikofunikira kwambiri. Kodi famuyo imachita kusanja kapena kusanja ndi kulekanitsa ma tubers ambewu kukhala tizigawo ting'onoting'ono, kusankha zinthu zobzala, kumera?
Roman Karpunin. Chifukwa chakuti pobzala mbatata ya tizigawo tosiyanasiyana, mbande zosagwirizana ndizotheka, timasankha ndikuwongolera zomwe tabzala. Monga lamulo, timagwiritsa ntchito ma tubers kuyambira kukula kwa 35 mpaka 50 mm. Mpaka nthawi yobzala, timayesa kusunga kutentha koyenera m'malo osungiramo, pamene ma tubers ayamba kale kudzuka ndi kuphuka, koma nthawi yomweyo sitilola kuti mphukira ziwonjezeke kukhala ulusi (womwe ukhoza kuwonedwa pa kutentha kwambiri komanso kusowa kwa kuyatsa).
GlavAgronom. Kodi ma tubers amabzalidwa nthawi yanji?
Roman Karpunin. Monga lamulo, timanyamuka kukafika koyambirira, kale m'masiku oyamba a Meyi. Timayesa kutera mkati mwa masiku 9-11. Sikoyenera kuchedwetsa kubzala chifukwa cha mbande za mbatata zomwe zimamera, zomwe zingapangitse kuti pakhale vuto pokonzekera njira zobzala komanso ntchito za agrotechnical m'minda yafamu.
GlavAgronom. Ndi njira iti yobzala motalikirana ndi mizere yomwe ili yofala kwambiri pafamu? Kuzama kolowera? Kubzala mitengo yobzala kutengera mtundu wobzala?
Roman Karpunin. Zomera zonse za mbatata zimakhala ndi m'lifupi pakati pa mizere ya 90 cm. Kuzama kwa kubzala kumasinthika kutengera zisonyezo monga dothi, mtundu, mitundu ya mbewu. Monga lamulo, chizindikirochi chimasiyanasiyana pamlingo wa 16-22 cm. Mitengo yobzala imasungidwa kuchokera ku 36 mpaka 39 tubers pa hekitala ndi mtunda pakati pa tubers 28-32 cm.
GlavAgronom. Kodi mbewuyo imasinthidwa mwadongosolo?
Roman Karpunin. Zomera zomwe zimachokera mwachindunji zimadalira mtundu wa mbewu, kotero ife chaka chilichonse timasintha zobzala ndi kubalana osatsika kuposa osankhika. Timasankha minda yambewu komwe timasiya mbewu kwa chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri.
glavagronom.ruPhoto: glavagronom.ru Mbatata zokulira mu Razdolie LLC
GlavAgronom. Famu yanu imayang'ana kwambiri kupanga mbatata ya mbewu iti? Ndi mitundu yanji ya mbatata yomwe imakhalapo?
Roman Karpunin. Kupanga kwathu kumayang'ana kwambiri kapezedwe ka mbatata ku ma network akulu kwambiri mdziko muno, omwe amafunikira kwambiri pamtundu wazinthu zomwe zimaperekedwa. Pachifukwa ichi, timasankha mitundu ya kuswana kwa Germany ndi Dutch chifukwa cha zokolola zawo zapamwamba komanso zokhazikika, kukoma kwabwino. Pakadali pano, pamzere wathu tili ndi mitundu monga Mfumukazi Anna, Red Scarlett, Gala, Colombo. Kuphatikiza apo, chaka chilichonse timayala minda momwe timabzala mitundu yatsopano ya mbatata, kuphunzira zomwe angathe komanso kufunika kwake kuti apangidwe.
GlavAgronom. Kodi kukana kwa mitundu ku matenda ndi tizirombo ta mbewu kumaganiziridwa?
Roman Karpunin. Mbatata ndi imodzi mwa mbewu zomwe zimamera padziko lonse lapansi, choncho chiwerengero cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo towononga kwambiri. Inde, pali mitundu yomwe imatha kugonjetsedwa ndi chinthu chimodzi kapena zingapo zovulaza, koma mulimonsemo, kubzala kuyenera kutetezedwa ku zovuta zamoyo zovulaza. Mankhwala amakono amatha kupereka, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera komanso panthawi yake, kuteteza mbatata ku matenda odziwika bwino ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, choncho, posankha zosiyanasiyana, timatsogoleredwa ndi zizindikiro monga zokolola, kufunikira kwa msika, ndi zizindikiro za kunja kwa mankhwala.
GlavAgronom. Pazovuta za njira zopezera zokolola zambiri za mbatata, kubzala bwino komanso kukonzekera kubzala ndikofunikira kwambiri. Kodi famuyo imachita kusanja kapena kusanja ndi kulekanitsa ma tubers ambewu kukhala tizigawo ting'onoting'ono, kusankha zinthu zobzala, kumera?
Roman Karpunin. Chifukwa chakuti pobzala mbatata ya tizigawo tosiyanasiyana, mbande zosagwirizana ndizotheka, timasankha ndikuwongolera zomwe tabzala. Monga lamulo, timagwiritsa ntchito ma tubers kuyambira kukula kwa 35 mpaka 50 mm. Mpaka nthawi yobzala, timayesa kusunga kutentha koyenera m'malo osungiramo, pamene ma tubers ayamba kale kudzuka ndi kuphuka, koma nthawi yomweyo sitilola kuti mphukira ziwonjezeke kukhala ulusi (womwe ukhoza kuwonedwa pa kutentha kwambiri komanso kusowa kwa kuyatsa).
GlavAgronom. Kodi ma tubers amabzalidwa nthawi yanji?
Roman Karpunin. Monga lamulo, timanyamuka kukafika koyambirira, kale m'masiku oyamba a Meyi. Timayesa kutera mkati mwa masiku 9-11. Sikoyenera kuchedwetsa kubzala chifukwa cha mbande za mbatata zomwe zimamera, zomwe zingapangitse kuti pakhale vuto pokonzekera njira zobzala komanso ntchito za agrotechnical m'minda yafamu.
GlavAgronom. Ndi njira iti yobzala motalikirana ndi mizere yomwe ili yofala kwambiri pafamu? Kuzama kolowera? Kubzala mitengo yobzala kutengera mtundu wobzala?
Roman Karpunin. Zomera zonse za mbatata zimakhala ndi m'lifupi pakati pa mizere ya 90 cm. Kuzama kwa kubzala kumasinthika kutengera zisonyezo monga dothi, mtundu, mitundu ya mbewu. Monga lamulo, chizindikirochi chimasiyanasiyana pamlingo wa 16-22 cm. Mitengo yobzala imasungidwa kuchokera ku 36 mpaka 39 tubers pa hekitala ndi mtunda pakati pa tubers 28-32 cm.
GlavAgronom. Kodi mbewuyo imasinthidwa mwadongosolo?
Roman Karpunin. Zomera zomwe zimachokera mwachindunji zimadalira mtundu wa mbewu, kotero ife chaka chilichonse timasintha zobzala ndi kubalana osatsika kuposa osankhika. Timasankha minda yambewu komwe timasiya mbewu kwa chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri.
glavagronom.ruPhoto: glavagronom.ru Mbatata zokulira mu Razdolie LLC
GlavAgronom. Famu yanu imayang'ana kwambiri kupanga mbatata ya mbewu iti? Ndi mitundu yanji ya mbatata yomwe imakhalapo?
Roman Karpunin. Kupanga kwathu kumayang'ana kwambiri kapezedwe ka mbatata ku ma network akulu kwambiri mdziko muno, omwe amafunikira kwambiri pamtundu wazinthu zomwe zimaperekedwa. Pachifukwa ichi, timasankha mitundu ya kuswana kwa Germany ndi Dutch chifukwa cha zokolola zawo zapamwamba komanso zokhazikika, kukoma kwabwino. Pakadali pano, pamzere wathu tili ndi mitundu monga Mfumukazi Anna, Red Scarlett, Gala, Colombo. Kuphatikiza apo, chaka chilichonse timayala minda momwe timabzala mitundu yatsopano ya mbatata, kuphunzira zomwe angathe komanso kufunika kwake kuti apangidwe.
GlavAgronom. Kodi kukana kwa mitundu ku matenda ndi tizirombo ta mbewu kumaganiziridwa?
Roman Karpunin. Mbatata ndi imodzi mwa mbewu zomwe zimamera padziko lonse lapansi, choncho chiwerengero cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo towononga kwambiri. Inde, pali mitundu yomwe imatha kugonjetsedwa ndi chinthu chimodzi kapena zingapo zovulaza, koma mulimonsemo, kubzala kuyenera kutetezedwa ku zovuta zamoyo zovulaza. Mankhwala amakono amatha kupereka, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera komanso panthawi yake, kuteteza mbatata ku matenda odziwika bwino ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, choncho, posankha zosiyanasiyana, timatsogoleredwa ndi zizindikiro monga zokolola, kufunikira kwa msika, ndi zizindikiro za kunja kwa mankhwala.
GlavAgronom. Kodi zobzala zonse za mbatata ziyenera kuyang'aniridwa pachaka kuti zizindikire zinthu zomwe zili kwaokha - khansa ya mbatata, nematode ya mbatata, njenjete ya mbatata, ndi zina zambiri?
Roman Karpunin. Zachidziwikire, timachita kafukufuku wapachaka wa kubzala mbatata kuti pakhale zinthu zokhazikika, popeza zinthu zathu zimaperekedwa pa intaneti ku Russia konse, mpaka ku Far East.
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GlavAgronom. Kuyeretsa ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zolemetsa kwambiri. Chiyambi ndi nthawi yokolola imayikidwa malinga ndi cholinga cha mbatata ndi kukula kwake kwa thupi. Ndi nthawi yanji yomwe kuchotsedwa kusanachitike kukolola kumachitika komanso m'njira yotani: mankhwala, makina kapena kuphatikiza. Ndi chokokera chotani chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito podula ng'anjo? Ndi mtundu wanji wa mbatata womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kukolola ma tubers, kunyumba kapena kunja? Kodi kulimanso kumachitika ndikusankhanso ma tubers otsalawo?
Roman Karpunin. Popeza tikuyesera kubzala mitundu yakucha koyambirira, timayamba kukhetsa nsonga kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti. Monga lamulo, izi ndi zowotcha mankhwala molumikizana ndi fungicide kuteteza kufalikira kwa choipitsa mochedwa pa ma tubers a mbatata. Kuwonongeka kwa madera akuluakulu nthawi zambiri kumayambira pakati pa mwezi wa August, ndipo apa timagwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko yophatikizana, pamene, pambuyo poyaka, timatchetcha. Kuti tichite izi, timagwiritsa ntchito Grimme defoliators.
Mu zida zathu zankhondo timagwiritsa ntchito zokolola za mbatata za Grimme. Amakhala ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri, kuyeretsa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Pafupifupi, okolola awiri amakumba matani 320 mpaka 400 a mbatata patsiku.
GlavAgronom. Kodi kugulitsa ma tubers kuli bwanji? Kodi mwakhazikitsa mitengo yogulira mbatata yosankhika, yamitundumitundu?
Roman Karpunin. Zambiri za mbatata zogulitsidwa ndi chakudya. Timatsimikizira zogulitsa zonse ndikuzigulitsa m'matumba a 5 ndi 25 kg kumaketani akulu ogulitsa mdziko muno. Kutumiza zinthu kukuchitika pakadali pano, ndipo pakufunika kokhazikika pamsika. Posankha mitengo yogula, ife, ndithudi, timadalira zizindikiro za msika, koma tikhoza kunena molimba mtima kuti pakadali pano mbatata yathu imagulitsidwa pamtengo woposa msika wamba chifukwa chapamwamba kwambiri.
riamo.ruPhoto: riamo.ruKugwira ntchito pa lamba wosankhira
GlavAgronom. Kuti mudziwe makhalidwe obzala a mbewu za tubers mu kugwa, musanasunge, musanagulitse ndi musanabzale, kodi mumachita kafukufuku wa tuber?
Roman Karpunin. Pobzala mbatata, timagwiritsa ntchito mbewu zapamwamba komanso zotsimikiziridwa. Choopsa chachikulu chimayimiridwa ndi matenda monga mwendo wakuda, zowola zosiyanasiyana, komanso matenda a virus. Chifukwa chake, titatha kuyang'ana m'ma laboratories ovomerezeka, timapanga chisankho ngati kuli koyenera kusiya zinthu zomwe tabzala, kapena ngati kuli kofunikira kuzikonzanso. Ndiko kuti, timayesetsa kuchepetsa zoopsa zomwe zimadza chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zokolola chifukwa chobzala mbewu zotsika mtengo.
GlavAgronom. Kodi mbatata imakolola bwanji pa hekitala m'chakachi komanso zaka zitatu zapitazi?
Roman Karpunin. Zokolola zapakati mu 2019 zinali matani 52 pa hekitala pa kulemera konse. M’zaka za m’mbuyomo, chiwerengerochi chinachokera pa matani 23 mpaka 29 pa hekitala.
GlavAgronom. Kusungirako. Ndi njira ziti zodzitetezera musanayike mbatata kuti zisungidwe zomwe zimachitika posungira mbatata, ndi zosungira zotani pafamu?
Roman Karpunin. Timayala zokolola m'malo osungiramo mankhwala. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zipangizo zonse zosungiramo katundu ndi malo zimakonzedwa mokwanira. Kuwongolera makoswe kuli mkati. Posungirako, timagwiritsa ntchito zosungirako zamtundu wa hangar, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kuphweka kwawo, kupanga bwino, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa komanso kumasuka kwa kuyala mbewu.
GlavAgronom. Kodi famuyo imakula mbatata yoyambirira, ndi zinthu ziti zaukadaulo waulimi mukamakula?
Roman Karpunin. Ziyenera kumveka kuti mbatata yoyambirira ndi zinthu zomwe zimafika pamashelefu ochokera kumadera akumwera koyambirira kwa Julayi. Tsoka ilo, m'mikhalidwe yathu, ndizosatheka kupeza zokolola za mbatata m'mawu awa, chifukwa chake, nthawi yoyamba yomwe takonzeka kutumiza katundu wathu ndi pakati pa Ogasiti. Inde, n'zotheka kubzala ma tubers pansi pa filimu m'ma makumi awiri a April, koma izi ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri, ndipo, pamapeto pake, sizikutsimikizira kutulutsidwa koyambirira kwa zinthu zogulitsa.
GlavAgronom. Zikomo pazokambirana!