Anthu akhala akudabwa kwazaka zambiri kuti chifukwa chotani tizilombo toyambitsa matenda Phytophthora imayambitsa matenda imayambitsa matenda oopsa oopsa mochedwa, gwero la njala ya mbatata yaku Ireland, pa mbatata, koma ilibe mphamvu konse pazomera monga apulo kapena nkhaka. Kodi mitengo ya maapulo ndi nkhaka zimatha bwanji kugwedeza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda? Asayansi azaulimi akhala akudabwa kwazaka zambiri: ngati kukana kumeneku kuli kokwanira ndipo kukupitilira mibadwo yambiri, kodi pali njira ina yomwe titha kuzisamutsira kuzomera zomwe zingatengeke ngati tirigu ndikuletsa matenda? za kukana kosafanana
Pali zitsanzo zambiri za zomera omwe atengeka ndi kachilombo kamodzi koma amatha kulimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ena. Povumbulutsa zomwe zimayambitsa kukana, titha kumvetsetsa bwino za chomeracho chitetezo komanso atha kuvumbula zinthu zomwe sizikudziwika kale za kuwonetsa chitetezo cha mthupi komanso kuwongolera, zomwe zingathandize asayansi kuthana ndi chiwonetsero chachikulu cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunikira kudziwa kuchuluka kwa mamolekyu osatsutsana ?
Funso ili lakhala lofunikira nthawi zonse chifukwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhala chiwopsezo kuulimi, kuletsa kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe chimapangidwa komanso komwe mbewu zimabzalidwa. Asayansi akupitiliza kuphunzira njira zochepetsera zovuta zamatenda, kudzera pakupanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano m'munda, ndikubzala mbewu mosavutikira.
Komabe, dziko lamakono limawononga zoyesayesa izi m'njira zingapo. Kudalirana kwadziko ndi mayendedwe owonjezera athandizira kufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'malo atsopano. Chitsanzo chabwino ndikutuluka kwaposachedwa kwa matenda ophulika a tirigu oyambitsidwa ndi fungus ya Magnaporthe oryzae, yomwe kwa nthawi yayitali sinathe kulowetsa tirigu.
"Magawo osagwirizana ndi mzimu akuyamba kupeza njira zatsopano zotsimikizira kukaniza kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, motsogoleredwa ndi njira zomwe zilipo kale m'chilengedwe," anafotokoza a Matthew Moscou, wasayansi ku The Sainbury Laboratory ku Norwich, United Kingdom. "Funso ili ndilofunika kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake zomera zina zimadwala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ena ndipo zina sizinatero, komanso, chifukwa chake tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tikhoza kuthana ndi mitundu yochepa ya zomera, zomwe zimagwirizana."
Kodi tikudziwa chiyani?
Asayansi aphunzira kuti kukana kopanda mizimu ndi gawo lomwe limayang'aniridwa ndi majini ambiri ndipo limayang'aniridwa ndimakhalidwe am'magulu amtundu wazomera. Zolepheretsa zomwe zidalipo kale, monga cuticle yazomera, komanso kutulutsa ma molekyulu antimicrobial nthawi zambiri ndizofunikira pakulimbana ndi mzimu. Posachedwapa asayansi azindikira kulumikizana kwa masensa amtundu wa NLR okhala ndi ma protein oteteza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga chinthu china chofunikira chotsutsana ndi mzimu.
Zomwe sitikudziwa?
"Ngakhale zopereka za tizilombo tating'onoting'ono (tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe mwachilengedwe timakhala m'mitengo ya zomera osavulaza) kubzala chitetezo chakhala chikuwonekera m'zaka zingapo zapitazi, gawo lawo lomveka bwino pakulimbana ndi mizimu silinawonetsedwebe", atero a Ralph Panstruga, wasayansi ku RWTH Aachen University ku Germany. "Zomwe timadziwa pokana kukana kwa moyo wonse zimadalira zomwe zapezeka m'mitundu ingapo ya angiosperm yomwe imatha kutengera. Sitikudziwa mpaka pano kuti izi zitha kufotokozedwera pati, makamaka pankhani ya omwe si angiosperm.
Ngakhale pali zambiri zomwe sitikudziwa pokana kukana, kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa kwaukadaulo, monga njira zoyeserera za DNA, kupangitsa kuti asayansi asavutike kuphunzira zambiri. Pofuna kumvetsetsa zopereka za tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, asayansi posachedwapa atha kudziwa izi mwa kuyesanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa magulu azigawo kuphatikiza mitundu yopanda majeremusi. Zida izi zidangokhazikitsidwa kumene mitundu ina yazomera ndipo sizipezekabe ku mbewu zambiri zofunika pakulima.
Kodi chingachitike ndi chiyani poyankha funso ili?
Kuphunzira zambiri za kukana kosafunikira kumathandizira asayansi kuzindikira kuti kutengeka ndi kukana ndizo zotsatira zoyipa zakulumikizana pakati pazomera ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi mitundu yonse yapakatikati yomwe ingatheke. Asayansi atha kupezanso zosadziwika za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pazinthu zina, zomwe zithandizira njira zothetsera matenda. Kuyankha funsoli kumathandizanso asayansi kumvetsetsa ngati zida zazing'onozing'ono zimathandizira kukana, zomwe zitha kukhala maziko amtsogolo zodzitchinjiriza. Pomaliza, zidziwitsozi zidzakwaniritsa chithunzi chathu cha chitetezo chamthupi.
Kuti muwone zambiri, werengani "Kodi ma molekyulu osatsutsana ndi ndani?" lofalitsidwa mu nkhani ya November ya MPMP nkhani. Nkhaniyi ndi yoyamba pamndandanda khumi wowunika mafunso 10 osayankhidwa pakuyanjana kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, komwe tidatulukira pagulu lotsogola lotsogozedwa ndi MPMP Bungwe lowongolera nyuzipepala ku 2019 International Congress on Molecular Plant-Microbe Interaction ku Glasgow, Scotland.
Misonkhano yomwe ikupezeka pamisonkhano ya Panstruga ndi Moscou idamva zakufuna kupeza mafunso 10 osayankhidwa MPMP, nthawi yomweyo adachita chidwi. Atawona mndandanda womaliza, adakopeka ndi funso lokana kulimbana ndi mizimu, chitetezo chazomera chomwe chimapereka chitetezo kwa mamembala onse amtundu wazomera motsutsana ndi tizilombo tomwe timavulaza mitundu ina yazomera.
"Popeza tonse tidafalitsa ukadaulo pankhani yokana kukana, zinali zowonekeratu kuti titha kupereka nawo ndemanga pofunsa funso ili," atero a Panstruga. "Tidakhala kwakanthawi kwakanthawi kuti malingaliro ndi ziganizo zina m'munda ndizosokonekera ndipo mwina ndizosocheretsa, ndikuti ingakhale nthawi yoyenera kufotokoza mwachidule zomwe tikudziwa, komanso kulongosola zina mwazinthu ndikutulutsa zatsopano malingaliro. ”