Mitundu yatsopano ya mbatata yobzalidwa ndi Texas A&M Potato Breeding Program ingalowe mumsika waku France posachedwa, atero Isabel Vales, Ph.D., Texas A&M AgriLife woweta mbatata mu dipatimenti ya Horticultural Sciences ku Texas A&M College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. .
Monga Kay Ledbetter amanenera Texas Yunivesite ya A&M, Vales anakambirana zaposachedwa mbatata clones ndi pulogalamu yobereketsa yabwera kudzera papaipi patsiku laposachedwa kumwera kwa High Plains pafupi ndi Springlake.
"Ndife okondwa kwambiri ndi katsabola kakang'ono ka mbatata ka russet komwe kamakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera kwambiri: kuchuluka kwa wowuma komanso mphamvu yokoka kwambiri ngakhale nyengo yotentha kwambiri ku Texas," adatero Vales. "Ndikuganiza kuti frying fry processing msika, zomwe Texas sinatulutse ma russets aliwonse, ndizotheka. ”
Chizindikiritso choyesera cha mbatata ndi COTX08063-2Ru. Mtanda woyamba udapangidwa ku Colorado ndikusankhidwa ku Texas.
M'mbiri, Texas sinakhalepo osewera pamsika waku France wowotcha, adatero Vales, makamaka chifukwa champikisano waukulu wochokera Kumpoto chakumadzulo, womwe uli wamphamvu pamsikawu.
"Komanso, ku Texas, sitingapeze zolimba zomwe zimafunikira pamisika yokonza. Mwa mitundu yonse yamitundu ndi zoyeserera zomwe tidaziyesa pakapita nthawi, palibe ndi imodzi yomwe inali ndi mphamvu yokoka, "adatero Vales. "Choyerekeza choyesera COTX08063-2Ru chili ndi mphamvu yokoka kwambiri, ngakhale pansi kwambiri kupsinjika kwa kutentha ku Texas, ndipo zimakhala zabwino kwambiri tchipisi cha batala. Chaka chachiwiri ichi ndi chaka chachiwiri mu National French Fry Potato Trials. "
Anati kuchuluka kwa wowuma mu ma tubers a mbatata ndiye chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimatsimikizira kugwiritsa ntchito mbatata. Zolimba kwambiri kapena mphamvu yokoka zimatanthauza kuti mbatata ndi yolimba komanso yowundana. Kuchuluka kwa mbatata kumakhala kochuluka, monga momwe zilili zowuma. Mbatata zowuma kwambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zakudya zophikidwa monga zokazinga, tchipisi ndi mbatata zopanda madzi. Mbatata zokhala ndi wowuma wochepa kapena wapakati zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pamsika watsopano kapena wamsika.
Kugwirizana m'maboma kuti mufikire misika yambiri
Vales adati Texas A&M Potato Breeding Programme ndi gawo la Southwestern Regional Potato Cultivar Development Project, pulojekiti yamayiko ambiri yothandizidwa ndi US Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
"Pulogalamu yakumwera chakumadzulo idakhazikitsidwa mu 1997, ndipo tikukondwerera zaka 25 zantchito yothandizana bwino," adatero.
Ku US, Vales adalongosola kuti, pali magulu anayi otukula mbatata m'madera omwe akuphatikiza mapulogalamu 12 oweta m'mayunivesite opereka malo aboma ndi ena mkati mwa USDA Agricultural Research Service. Maderawo ndi Kumpoto chakumadzulo—Washington, Oregon ndi Idaho; North Central-North Dakota, Wisconsin, Minnesota ndi Michigan; Kumpoto chakum’maŵa—North Carolina, New York, Maine ndi Florida; ndi Kumwera chakumadzulo—Texas, Colorado ndi California.
"Kuchigawo chakumwera chakumadzulo, tilibe thandizo la USDA-ARS monga momwe ena amachitira," adatero.
Texas A&M University, Colorado State University ndi University of California ku Davis adayambitsa Southwestern Regional Potato Cultivar Development Project kuti akwaniritse zosowa zapadera zamakampani a mbatata, adatero Vales.
Mitanda ndi zisankho zoyambirira zimapangidwa ku Colorado ndi Texas, kutsatiridwa ndi mayesero oyesa madera m'madera onse atatu ndi zigawo zina za kumadzulo-Oregon, Idaho ndi Washington. Mitundu ina ya ku France yokazinga ndi kutchipa imalowa m'mayesero adziko chaka chilichonse.
"Ku US, mapulogalamu ambiri oweta mbatata ali pagulu," adatero Vales. “Mlingo wa mgwirizano pakuweta mbatata ndi wosayerekezeka; mbatata yopangidwa ndi Southwestern programme imabzalidwa ku US ndi Canada. Kuchigawo chakumwera chakumadzulo, timawunikanso mbatata zopangidwa ndi mapulogalamu ena amchigawo. ”
Ananenanso kuti ngakhale ndalama zaboma ndiye gwero lalikulu la pulogalamu yoweta anthu, ndalama zina zimachokera ku madipatimenti aboma azaulimi, magulu azogulitsa zinthu ngati Mbatata US, maziko ndi thandizo la alimi. Ndalama zowonjezera zimachokera ku ndalama zomwe zimachokera ku mitundu yotulutsidwa pansi pa chitetezo cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera, PVP, ndi pulogalamu ya Texas A&M.
"Kuti tipeze PVP, tiyenera kulengeza kuti mitundu ya mbatata ndi yapadera, yosiyana komanso yokhazikika," adatero Vales. “Olima mbewu obzala mitundu ya PVP ayenera kulipira. Texas A&M yachita bwino kwambiri pankhaniyi. Ndalama zomwe tidalandira chaka chathachi ndi zoposa $900,000, ndipo zina mwa izo zabwezeretsedwanso mu pulogalamuyi. ”
Zochitika za tsiku la kumunda zimabweretsa mitundu ya Texas A&M, malo ogulitsira otseguka
Vales adati mayesero m'malo osiyanasiyana m'maboma ndi masiku akumunda ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yodziwitsira alimi komanso makampani kuti adziwe zamitundu yaposachedwa ya mbatata mumayendedwe oswana.
Iye anati: “Mkati mwa kalasi yokonza zinthu, tinali ndi zophika ndi zokazinga za ku France; mkati mwatsopano, tinali ndi zofiira, zachikasu, zofiirira, zing'onozing'ono ndi zala."
Pafupifupi anthu 48 ochokera m'maboma osiyanasiyana aku US ndi Canada adapezeka pamwambo wa Springlake. Opezekapo adawonetsa chidwi ndi ma clones ena ndipo adagawana zofunikira ndi zovuta ndi gulu la Texas A&M Potato Breeding Team ndi ena omwe adatenga nawo gawo.
Ma clones oyambirira ndi apamwamba osankhidwa omwe akuphatikizidwa mu tsiku lamunda amawunikidwanso m'mayesero a agronomic ku Dalhart ndi San Luis Valley, Colorado, komanso California pafupi ndi Bakersfield, South Central Valley ndi Tulelake, pafupi ndi malire a Oregon.
Dera lakumwera chakumadzulo limakhala ndi kukula kwapadera, zovuta za mbatata
Ananenanso kuti usiku wozizira bwino umakonda zokolola zambiri komanso zofooka zochepa za tuber. Chifukwa chake, ku Texas, zokolola zimakwera kwambiri ndi kukwera ndi kutalika, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti "timakonda kupeza zokolola zambiri komanso mtundu wabwino wa tuber kuchokera ku mayesero a Dalhart omwe ali ku Texas Panhandle."
Kutentha kwakukulu panthawi yakukula ndizovuta kwambiri m'madera angapo a Southwestern Region kupanga, Vales adatero. Kupsinjika kwa kutentha kumatha kuyambitsa kuwonongeka kwa thupi ndikusokoneza zokolola za tuber ndi mtundu wake. Kukhudzika kwa mkati mwa tuber heat necrosis, ming'alu ya kukula, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga, pakati pa bulauni, m'mitima yopanda kanthu ndi mphukira zotentha zimawunikidwa kuchokera ku ma tubers okolola m'munda.
"Mtundu wa mbatata womwe timapanga umabwera mosiyanasiyana, makulidwe, khungu ndi thupi komanso mitundu yomwe imagwirizana ndi zosowa za msika," adatero Vales. "Mwachitsanzo, timagwirizana ndi Tasteful Selections, kufunafuna ma clones okhala ndi ma tubers ang'onoang'ono. Tikukulanso zala zala ndi mbatata zamitundu iwiri. Posachedwapa, tidapanga mtundu wozungulira wokhala ndi maso apinki ndi thupi lachikasu zomwe zidaperekedwa kuti tifufuze mwayi watsopano wamsika. "
Mitundu ya Texas A&M Norkotah Russet ikupitilizabe kukhala yotchuka kwambiri, yokhala ndi ziphaso 35 m'maboma 12, adatero. Awa ndi ma russets atsopano. Misika ina iwiri yatsopano yomwe ikukula kutchuka ndi Reveille Russet, yomwe idachulukitsa maekala kuchokera ku 2020 mpaka 2021, ndi Vanguard Russet. Kulekerera kutentha komanso kugona kwanthawi yayitali kwa Reveille Russet ndi Vanguard Russet ndizinthu zokopa kwa alimi ku US ndi Canada.
Kukulitsa misika ya mbatata kupitilira Chigawo chakumwera chakumadzulo
Zolemba za mbatata zimawunikidwa m'mayesero a boma lililonse pazinthu zingapo, kuphatikiza chip ndi fry fry quality, adatero Vales. Zolemba zapamwamba zimapita ku Southwestern kwa zaka ziwiri ndi Western Regional Trials kwa zaka zitatu. Ma clones apamwamba amamasulidwa ngati mitundu yatsopano. Komanso, Colorado, Texas ndi California amatenga nawo gawo mu Mayesero a National Chip Processing ndi Mayesero a National Fry Processors. Zosankha zapamwamba zimatumizidwanso kwa ogwira nawo ntchito ku US ndi Canada.
Vales adati Southwestern Region Project imagawana zoswana ndi zosankha zapamwamba ndi mayiko ena khumi ndi awiri. Chiyambireni ntchito ya Southwestern Regional Potato Cultivar Development Project, mitundu 66 yatsopano ya cultivars ndi ma clonal yatulutsidwa kapena kutulutsidwa limodzi ndi mabungwe ena. Colorado ndi Texas ali ndi udindo wa 44 mwa iwo.
"Milimi ya mbatata iyi ikuyimira gawo lalikulu komanso lochulukirachulukira la dziko lonse la mbatata ndipo lathandizira kwambiri chuma chachigawo ndi dziko," adatero Vales.
Mitundu yambiri ya mbatata yomwe idatulutsidwa ku Southwestern Region idalembedwa mu 2021 pakati pa 50 yomwe idabzalidwa potengera mbewu ku US. .
Source: Kay Ledbetter, Texas Yunivesite ya A&M