Thanzi limagwira ntchito yayikulu popewa ndi kusamalira matenda a mbatata obwera chifukwa cha nthaka.
Robert Larkin, wofufuza za USDA-ARS wofufuza zamatenda ku Maine, adalongosola njira zosiyanasiyana zomwe mbewu zingachepetse kupsyinjika kwa matenda ndi zonse zokhudzana ndi thanzi la nthaka makamaka munthawi yaposachedwa ya Mbatata mu Tuber Talk podcast yaku Canada.
Q: Kodi pali kulumikizana kotani pakati pa thanzi la nthaka ndi matenda?
Larkin: Izi ndizofanana kwambiri. Mukakhala ndi thanzi labwino panthaka, mumakhala ndi mavuto monga madzi okwanira osakwanira, dothi losavomerezeka, kuchepa kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, zinthu zochepa - zonsezi ndi zomwe zingayambitse matenda ambiri.
Zomwe zimathandizira kukonza thanzi m'nthaka, makamaka, zimathandizira matenda obwera chifukwa cha nthaka. Kungowonjezera thanzi m'nthaka sikuchotsa matenda obwera chifukwa cha dothi, koma mudzakhala ndi mavuto ocheperako panthaka iliyonse yomwe ili ndi gawo labwino.
Q: Mwalankhulapo za mbeu zomwe zimapondereza matenda zimagwira ntchito m'njira zingapo: posakhala wolandila mbeu, pochepetsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, komanso polimbikitsa thanzi m'nthaka kuti chilengedwe chomwe chikukula chikhale cholimba ku matenda. Kodi mungakulitse?
Larkin: Mwambiri, timaganiza kuti kasinthasintha wa mbeu ndi kupumako kwa mbeu yanu yayikulu ndipo [motero kutalika kwa kasinthasintha kumapangitsa kusiyana]. Mukakhala kutali ndi mbatata, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timeneti timachepa chifukwa palibe zokolola zomwe zilipo. Koma mbewu zina zimatha kukhudza mwachindunji matenda obwera chifukwa cha nthaka komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Njira imodzi ndikumanga zachilengedwe - zowonjezera zinthu zakuthupi, zokhala ndi mizu yochulukirapo yomwe imabweretsa ku tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tanthaka - zinthu zonsezi zitha kuthandiza kuyambitsa zochitika zazing'onozing'ono. Kusiyanasiyana kumabweretsa kupatsirana kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi matenda, ndipo kungathandizenso kuyambitsa zamoyo zopindulitsa zomwe zimatsutsana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Njira yachitatu ikukhudzana ndi mbeu yomwe imabzala yokha yomwe imalepheretsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikuchepetsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Zikatero, zomerazo zimatulutsa mankhwala, amene akawonongeka, amatulutsa poizoni kapena mankhwala omwe amatha kupha kapena kulepheretsa kukula kwa tizilomboto. Amathanso kuchepetsa nematode ndi mbewu za udzu kudzera munjira yofananira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amafuta.
Zomera mu Brasica Banja limapanga mankhwala otchedwa glucosinolates omwe amawonongeka ndikupanga isothiocyanates. [Isothiocyanates] ndi ofanana ndi mankhwala omwe amapangidwa ndi mankhwala monga metam sodium, yomwe ndi fumigant ya mankhwala, koma izi ndizopangidwa ndi biologic yake. Mwa kudula ndikuphatikizira chomeracho, chimatulutsa mpweyawu ndipo mumakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa.
Kuphatikiza apo, mbewu zambiri zoponderezazi zimasinthanso madera azinthu zazing'ono munjira zomwe mwina sizingafanane kapena sizingafanane ndi izi. [Mbewuzo], m'matumba omwe amapanga, amasintha kuchuluka kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta nthaka pamlingo winawake, ndipo nawonso amatha kukhala olepheretsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikuchepetsa matenda obwera chifukwa cha nthaka.
Q: Ndipo mukuwona kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu zadothi zokolola ndi mbewu za udzu?
Larkin: Mbewu zomwe zimatulutsa biomass zochulukirapo zithandizanso kukulitsa zinthu zakuthupi m'nthaka, zikadzabwerera m'nthaka. Mbewu zomwe zimakhala ndi mizu yolimba komanso yolimba ngati udzu wina, zimatulutsanso zotsalira zazomera ndikuchulukitsa rhizobacteria. [Rhizobacteria] ndi mabakiteriya omwe amalumikizana kwambiri ndi mizu yazomera, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo amateteza zomera [ndi]. . . zingathandize kuchepetsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'nthaka.
Q: Nanga bwanji canola?
Larkin: Canola adalengezedwa kuti asapangitse mankhwala ambiri a glucosinolate - osachepera mbewuyo, imapanganso mbali zina za chomeracho - koma pamlingo wocheperako kuposa ma glucosinolate ena ambiri onga mpiru. Chifukwa chake [canola] amatha kukhalabe ndi zina mwa izi koma osati pamlingo womwe mpiru umachita.
Komabe, [canola] ikuwoneka kuti ili ndi gawo lalikulu pakusintha kwa malo okhala tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ta nthaka. Tawona makamaka momwe Rhizoctonia solani imakhudzira, yomwe imayambitsa tsinde ndi khungu lakuda pa mbatata. Tawona, nthawi zina, kugwira ntchito bwino ndi canola motsutsana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuposa mankhwala enawa. Zikuwoneka kuti zikugwirizana kwambiri ndikusintha kumeneku m'derali kuposa momwe zimakhudzira fumigation.
Q: Mudalankhula za momwe mpiru sayenera kuchitidwira ngati mbewu ina yophimba, imafunikira kuwongolera, kodi mungakulitse?
Larkin: Kwa ndevu za biofumigant izi, kuti mupindule nazo, muyenera kuwachitira mosamala komanso moyang'anira machitidwe ena. Amafuna umuna kotero muyenera kuwonjezera nayitrogeni. Komanso, nthawi zambiri, amafunikira sulfure. Sulfa ndi imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimapanga kupanga biofumigant. Nthawi zambiri, mumafuna 6: 1 chiŵerengero cha nayitrogeni ndi sulfure. Chilichonse chomwe mumayika mu nayitrogeni, mukufuna sulfure wofanana mu 6: 1 ratio.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuti ma biofumigants azikhala achangu kwambiri, amafunika kuphatikizidwa akadali obiriwira pachimake. Kuti zitheke bwino amafunika kulimidwa pachimake chonse. Nthaka imafunika kukhala yonyowa pamene inunso mumachita. Ndipo zimagwira ntchito bwino ngati mutadula kapena kudula mbewu koyambirira kenako ndikutsatira nthawi yomweyo ndikuphatikiza kuti mupindule kwambiri ndi mpiru izi.
"Kuphatikiza apo, kuti ma biofumigants azikhala olimbikira ntchito, amafunika kuphatikizidwa akadali obiriwira pachimake."
Tikukulimbikitsaninso kuti muzitsatira [mpiru] ndi mbewu yophimba kugwa chifukwa, makamaka m'malo athu [ku Maine], mbewu ya Brassica imalimidwa mchilimwe. Chakumapeto kwa chilimwe, mutaphatikiza mpiru wanu, mudakali ndi nyengo yambiri pomwe mundawo uzidzalima. Chifukwa chake mufuna kuyika mbewu yophimba kugwa, monga rye wachisanu. Kapena alimi athu ambiri akhala akubzala radish ya tillage pazopindulitsa zake panthaka yanthaka mpaka kuchepetsa kukhathamira. Tillage radish imapeza kuchuluka kwa zotsalira zazomera, koma makamaka zimathandizira pakuwonjezera aeration ndikuchepetsa kuchepa kwa dothi.
Q: Kumanga zinthu zanthaka ndi njira yanthawi yayitali. Kodi muyenera kudzipereka nthawi yayitali bwanji kuyesa izi musanayese kuchita zina?
Larkin: Zambiri mwa izi [miyambo], sizili ngati kuwonjezera mankhwala fumigant pomwe mumawona kuchepa kwakukulu mchaka choyamba. Muyenera kuwona kuchepetsedwa, kuchepetsedwa kwakukulu, koma simudzathetsa vuto lanu chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri. Ndipo zina mwazinthu zina zomanga nthaka zingatenge zaka zambiri zomanga zinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe sizingachitike mchaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri.
Tapanga mayeso athu kuti tiwone [machitidwewa] kwa nthawi yayitali. Muli ndi kafukufuku wazitali wazaka zomwe zakhazikitsidwa zaka 15 tsopano, pomwe titha kuwona zotsatira zakanthawi yayitali. Zina mwazosintha zazing'ono zomwe sizikuwoneka ngati zikuwongolera zaka zingapo zoyambirira, koma pambuyo pazaka zisanu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi, zitha kukhala ndi zotulukapo zazikulu.
"Chinthu china chomwe tikupangira ndikuti simungadalire kuchita chinthu chimodzi ndikuyembekezera kuti athana ndi vuto lililonse lomwe muli nalo."
China chomwe tikulimbikitsani ndichakuti simungadalire kuti muchite chinthu chimodzi ndikuyembekezera kuti azisamalira vuto lililonse lomwe muli nalo. Mukufuna kuphatikiza njira zingapo zomwe onse amamangira wina ndi mnzake, ndipo ndi momwe zambiri zimagwirira ntchito. Pogwiritsa ntchito mbeu yozungulirazungulira yochotsa matenda, kubisala mbewu, kuphatikiza manyowa obiriwira komwe mungakwanitse, ngati pali malo ena omwe mungawonjezere zosintha zamagulu, zinthu zonsezi ndi zidutswa zonse.
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Malangizo ofunikira pakusinthana kwabwino kwa mbatata
- Kukhala ndi kasinthasintha kosachepera zaka zitatu m'litali, pogwiritsa ntchito kusamalira / kuchepetsa tillage momwe zingathere.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu yopondereza ngati mpiru kapena sudangrass chaka cha mbatata chisanachitike. Momwemo, mbewu iyi imaphatikizidwa ngati manyowa obiriwira kenako ndikutsatiridwa ndi mbewu yophimba (ie. Fall rye).
- Mbewu ina yamalonda (mwachitsanzo, balere, soya, canola) imatha kutsatira mbatata mozungulira.
- Kuonjezeranso kompositi kapena zosintha zina zilizonse, komwe kulipo, kuti zikwaniritse zokolola zakumunda ndikuthekera kotheka ndikulimbikitsidwa.