Anthu ambiri a ku Colorado mbatata beetle (CPB) ali ndi mphamvu yodabwitsa yolimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - kuphatikizapo mankhwala ambiri a carbamate, organophosphate, pyrethroid, spinosyn, ndi neonicotinoid omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano.
Kuthekera kwa CPB kukulitsa kukana sizodabwitsa mukaganizira kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tidatengera njira zololera kuchuluka kwa ma glycoalkaloids oopsa m'magulu awo a solanaceous. Kwenikweni, kachilomboka kamakhala ndi zida zothana ndi poizoni. Zingatenge kusintha pang'ono chabe kuti muthe kukana poizoni watsopano.
Komanso, Zithunzi za CPB kubereka ana ambiri, kuonjezera mwayi kuti zosintha zosamva tizilombo zitha kuchitika mwachisawawa. Talingalirani kuti mazira 50 pa chomera chilichonse, ochulukitsidwa ndi zomera 20,000 za mbatata pa ekala, angatulutse kafadala miliyoni imodzi m’mbadwo umodzi wokha. Ndipo nthawi zambiri pamakhala mibadwo iwiri kapena itatu munyengo imodzi. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo akagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mbewu, tizilombo tochepa (mwinamwake mmodzi mwa 10 miliyoni) akhoza kupulumuka chifukwa cha masinthidwe osintha. Ngati palibe china chilichonse chomwe chingawaphe, zosinthika zochepa zolimbana ndi matendawa zimaberekana. Ndipo ambiri mwa ana awo adzalandira mchitidwe wokana kupha tizilombo.
Malangizo Oletsa Ma CPB ndi Pewani Kukaniza Tizilombo
Kasinthasintha wa Mbatata ndi Kupatukana
Ma CPB akamakulirakulira m'nthaka m'minda ya mbatata ya chaka chatha ndiye amatuluka m'chaka kuti adyetse, kukwatira, ndi kuikira mazira. Mphutsi zimatuluka m’mazira, zimadya kwakanthawi, kenako n’kugwera pansi kuti zibereke ndikuyambanso kuzungulira katatu panyengo. Kuyika mbatata ya chaka chino kutali ndi ya chaka chatha kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti kachilomboka kapeze chakudya akatuluka. Amadya kokha pa solanaceous mbewu ndi namsongole, ndipo sayenda mtunda wautali. Kuti njirayi ichepetse bwino kupanikizika kwa CPB, lekanitsa munda ndi osachepera 0.25 mailosi.
Utsi Malingaliro
Mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo amawononga ngati mankhwala opopera ali ndi acidic kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, spinosad, spinetoram). Ena amanyozetsa ngati yankho liri la alkaline-ndalama (mwachitsanzo, phosmet). Ndipo musagwiritse ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo okhala ndi zomata/zomangira zoonjezera (mwachitsanzo, abamectin ndi thiamethoxam). Izi sizigwira ntchito bwino ngati simusamala za izi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizidwa mu mankhwala chizindikiro.
Nthawi Yogwiritsira Ntchito ndi Mulingo
Ndizovuta kupanga mankhwala ophera tizirombo mutangowona kachilomboka. Koma nthawi zambiri mumapeza mphamvu ngati mudikirira kuti mphutsi zituluke. Mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo amagwira ntchito bwino polimbana ndi mphutsi ting'onoting'ono. Nthawi zambiri timalimbikitsa kupanga masamba pamene pafupifupi 50% ya mphutsi zaswa. Yang'anirani kuchuluka kwa anthu a CPB kuti muwone nthawi yoyenera. Gwiritsani ntchito mlingo wonse (mulingo) wa mankhwala kuti mupeze zotsatira zabwino.
Tembenuzani Mankhwala Ophera tizilombo Ndi Njira Zosiyanasiyana
Kudalira mankhwala amodzi ophera tizilombo (kapena angapo omwe amapha ndi njira zofananira) kungayambitse kukana kapena kusamvana pakati pa anthu a CPB. Komiti ya Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) imakonza mankhwala ophera tizilombo molingana ndi momwe amachitira. Choncho muyenera kutero tembenuzani mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuchokera m'magulu osiyanasiyana a IRAC ndikugwiritsa ntchito kulikonse. Ngati simukupha zosinthika zosamva ndi imodzi, mutha kuziwongolera ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osiyana kotheratu.
Neonicotinoid Insecticides
Alimi ambiri a mbatata amawongolera bwino ma CBP akamayika neonicotinoid (IRAC Gulu 4) pobzala kapena kukwera. Amadziwika kuti amapereka masiku 80 mpaka 100 akuwongolera zotsalira. Koma kukhudzana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi kulimbikira kwa masamba kwanthawi yayitali kumatha kupangitsa kuti pakhale kukakamizidwa kwambiri pakusankha kukana. Pali anthu ambiri a CPB osamva neonicotinoid ku East ndi Midwest. Kuchepetsa chiopsezo Kumadzulo, timafunsa alimi ngati adagwiritsa ntchito chomera kapena at-hilling neonicotinoid, kuti asagwiritse ntchito neonicotinoids iliyonse mu nyengo.
Mbatata Wodzipereka ndi CPBs
Mbatata zodzipereka ndi chakudya choyambirira komanso malo oberekera akuluakulu a CPB omwe amatuluka m'minda ya mbatata chaka chatha. Amakonda kuchedwa pa zomerazi, koma ana awo ena amatha kulowa mu mbatata ya chaka chino. Ngati anthu ongodzipereka ali ofala m'dera lanu, samalani ndi anthu ofika mochedwa. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito powongolera ma CPB omwe adawonekera kale (okhala ndi at-plant neonicotinoid) mwina adatha ntchito.
Kuthamanga Kwambiri
Anthu ena a CPB amapewa kukhudzana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo mwa kukhala mobisa nthawi yayitali ndikuchedwetsa kukula kwawo. Njira yokanirayi imatchedwa extended diapause.Ichi ndi chifukwa china chowunikira kuchuluka kwa CPB m'minda ya mbatata. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito tizilombo tikakhalapo m'malo mopopera mbewu pa kalendala.
Carrie Huffman Wohleb ndi Pulofesa Wothandizira / Katswiri Wachigawo - Mbatata, Zamasamba, ndi Mbewu, ku Washington State University. Onani nkhani zonse za olemba apa.