75% ya mbatata imabzalidwa kuti ipangidwe m'mafakitale ndipo a Danes amabala wowuma wowonjezera kuposa dziko lina lililonse.
ZOCHITIKA ZA STARCH
Wowuma ndiye nkhokwe zopatsa thanzi za zomera zambiri. M'nyengo yokula, masamba obiriwira amatenga mphamvu kuchokera padzuwa. Mu mbatata mphamvuzi zimanyamulidwa ngati yankho la shuga mpaka ku tubers, ndipo ndipamenenso pomwe shuga imasinthidwa kukhala wowuma ngati timagulu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala mkati mwa khungu.
Kusintha kwa shuga kukhala wowuma kumachitika kudzera mwa michere. Kenako masika wotsatira, ma enzyme nawonso amathandizanso kusinthanso kwa wowuma kukhala shuga - kutumizidwa kumtunda ngati mphamvu ya chomera chomwe chikukula.
MALO OGWIRITSA NTCHITO YOPHUNZITSIRA AYikidwa MU CLAMP YA mbatata.
M'munda kapena amasungidwa m'ndende m'nyengo yozizira, ma tubers amakhalabe amoyo ndipo amafunikira mpweya kuti apume ndikupanga zochitika pamoyo.
Mbatata zimawononga zocheperako nthawi yawo yozizira kuti zizigwira ntchito mpaka masika. Izi zimafuna mpweya wabwino ndipo kupuma kumayambitsa kutentha.
Ngati kutentha kozungulira kumagwa pachiwopsezo cha chisanu, ma tubers amayesa kupulumutsa khungu lawo mwa kutembenuza wowuma kukhala shuga kuti athe kutsitsa malo ozizira kwambiri mumadzi a cell. Ngati izi sizikwanira, ma tubers amafa. Choncho mbatata iyenera kuphimbidwa mokwanira ikasungidwa.
Ngati mbatata yatentha, kupuma kumawonjezeka, kukulitsa kutentha kwambiri. Wowuma ambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popumira ndipo ma tubers adzafa chifukwa cha kutentha.
Kusungira kosavomerezeka kumayambitsa kutayika kwa wowuma ndipo, poyipa kwambiri, kumwalira ndi kuphwanya mbatata, zomwe zimasokoneza ntchitoyi.
Katundu wa mbatata woyipa ayenera kukanidwa.
Kuwonongeka kwakunyamula kumayambitsanso mavuto amtundu. Kuphulika kumodzi kumawononga maselo, ndikutayika kwa wowuma ndi malo akufa pa tuber chifukwa. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuthana ndi mbatata poyenda mosamala ndi maluso ndi zida zomwe zilipo.
KUYENGA KUYAMBIRA KALE PA NTHAWI YOPHUNZITSIRA.
Ikani damper pakudzaza koyamba kwa sitolo yopanda kanthu.
Mukamasula fakitaleyo, kuwonongeka kumatha kuchepetsedwa ndikuphimba ma silos ndi mphira ndikuchepetsa kuchepa kwamakatani. Anaphwanya mbatata kumasula madzi ambiri, ndikupangitsa thovu ndi mavuto osafunikira pamalo osambiramo.
Dothi lotayika, mchenga ndi miyala zimachotsedwa pazenera lonse mbatata zisanayikidwe m'sitolo - kutulutsa bwino dothi, kumachepetsa mavuto amiyala ndi mchenga munjira zopserera pambuyo pake. Nthaka ilinso ndi michere yambiri, yomwe imasungunuka m'madzi otsuka ndikuthandizira kuwononga chilengedwe ndi madziwo.
Sitolo yosungira mbatata ndiyofunika kuti tipeze mbatata usiku wonse. Zotengera kumapeto kwa sabata zitha kufunikanso chifukwa choletsedwa pamayendedwe olemera kunja kwa nthawi yantchito wamba.
Mkhalidwe wabwino ndikufikira pansi pa sitolo ya mbatata m'mawa uliwonse, chifukwa mbatata zimavutika nthawi yayitali m'malo osanjikiza opanda mpweya wokwanira.
KUSAMBITSA KWAMBIRI KUMAPANGITSA KUYERETSEDWA KOSAVUTA.
Nthaka ndi dothi zosachotsedwa pamalo osambiramo zimabweretsa mavuto pambuyo pake. Kutsuka ndikofunikira kwambiri. Kusamba ndi njira yaposachedwa, ndipo madzi abwino amawonjezedwa kudzera mumipweya yamagetsi pamapeto omaliza.
Mbatata zimayendetsedwa ndi madzi mumisewu - kudutsa msampha wamwala - kumalo osambirako. Msampha wamiyalayo umagwiritsa ntchito kusiyana pakati pamiyeso yapakati pamiyala ndi mbatata - kutsika kwamadzi kumtunda kumanyamula mbatata pamsampha wamiyala, pomwe miyala yolemetsa kwambiri imakodwa ndikutoleredwa pamtengo wonyamula miyala.
Mulingo wamadzi mu dramu yotsuka uyenera kuchepetsedwa kuti mbatata zisayandikire. Ng'oma sikungonyamula chabe, komanso imawonetsetsa kuti mbatata zikupakizana mwamphamvu. Kupaka ndikofunikira pochotsa bowa, mawanga owola, khungu ndi dothi kumtunda. Madzi oyandama atha kubwezeretsedwanso atakhazikitsa mchenga m'madziwe.
Kusamba kwapamwamba kumawongolera kuyenga chifukwa zodetsa zambiri zimafanana ndi wowuma pakulimba ndi kukula kwake, kotero kutsuka mbatata ndiyo njira yokhayo yochotsera.
Kuchuluka kwa zosafunika zomwe zimatsatira mbatata pakubereka zimadalira kwambiri nyengo ndi nthaka yomwe mbatata zimalimidwa.
Kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupopera ndi kutsuka ndikofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi oyera ogwiritsidwa ntchito pomaliza kutsitsa kwambiri.
KUDZIWA.
Rasping ndiye gawo loyamba lazomwe zimatulutsa wowuma. Cholinga ndikutsegula ma tuber cell ndikumasula zonenepa. The slurry analandira akhoza kuonedwa ngati osakaniza zamkati (cell makoma), madzi zipatso ndi wowuma. Ndi ma rasper amakono othamanga, rasping ndi ntchito yongodutsa kamodzi kokha.
NTCHITO YA SULFUR.
Madzi a selo amakhala ndi shuga ndi mapuloteni ambiri. Mukatsegula maselowo madziwo amawonekera nthawi yomweyo kumlengalenga ndipo amathandizana ndi mpweyawo, ndikupanga zinthu zakuda, zomwe zimatha kutsatira wowumawo.
Sulfure dioxide gas kapena sodium-bisulphite-solution chifukwa chake iyenera kuwonjezeredwa. Kuchepetsa kwakukulu kwa mankhwala a sulfa kumalepheretsa kusintha kwa zinthu. Sulufule wokwanira ayenera kuwonjezeredwa kuti madzi ndi madzi azikhala zachikasu. (Re: TM 23 pa)
KUCHOTSA.
Kutsuka kwamphamvu kumafunikira kutsuka timitengo timene timatuluka m'maselo - ma cellwo adang'ambika mu rasper ndikupanga mphasa wosanja womwe umayesetsa kusunga wowuma. Madzi kale anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa, koma lero kutulutsa kumachitika m'malo otsekedwa omwe amalola kugwiritsa ntchito msuzi wa mbatata womwewo. Zili ndi mwayi kuti madziwo atha kupezekanso mu mawonekedwe osakanikirana komanso osasakanikirana, ndikuchepetsa ndalama zoyendera kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ngati feteleza.
Wowotchera wotulutsidwa amatuluka m'zigawo zosungunulira limodzi ndi msuzi wazipatso, ndipo makoma amaselo (zamkati) amapoperedwa kuzosefera zamkati zamadzi. Zilondazo zimasiya zouluka ngati zowuma - ie pafupifupi 8% ya zinthu zouma.
Kuchotsera kumachitika pakuzungulira kozungulira kwama conical, komwe mphamvu ya centrifugal imakulitsa mphamvu pagawo lililonse. Kuchita bwino kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito mbale zapamwamba kwambiri zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chomwe chitha kupilira kumva kuwawa ndi mankhwala a CIP. Mbale za sieve zimakhala zopindika kwakutali ma 125 microns okha.
Mfundo Yogwirira Ntchito ya Starch Extor.
Kuchotsaku ndi njira yaposachedwa yomwe mawonekedwe amadzimadzi ndiye gawo lotsiriza. Ngati zamkati zimafunikira pafupifupi mawonekedwe owuma, kuchuluka kwa mipweya ya kutsitsi ndi madzi osamba kumachepa. M'malo mwake kupopera mobwerezabwereza kumbuyo kumasungidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti zamkati zouma zizitsika pazenera.
KUKONZEKERETSA CHIPHUNZITSO CHOYAMBIRA.
Pa hydrocyclone unit madzi ambiri amatulutsidwa momwe zingathere. Wowuma amasiya ma concentrator ngati mapampu otumphuka pafupifupi 19 oBe.
Gawo loyang'anitsitsa nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi chipinda chokhala ndi ma hydrocyclone block of defoaming, concentrate ndi starch akuchira chomwe chimakonzedwa motsatana.
KUYERETSETSA
Tsopano zatsala kuyeretsa mkaka wosakanizika (kuyimitsidwa) ndikuchotsa madzi otsalira a zipatso ndi zosafunika. Momwe zimachitikira ndizochepa kapena zochepa pamalingaliro omwewo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa sopo mumalo ochapira - mumapindana ndikulowerera m'madzi oyera mobwerezabwereza. Aliyense amene amatsuka zovala amadziwa kuti pamafunika kutsinya kangati madzi osamba asanatsukidwe ndikuti mukamalimbana kwambiri ndi njira zochepa zotsukirira.
Momwemonso, wowuma wowuma amachepetsedwa ndikukhazikika mobwerezabwereza. Kusunga madzi otsuka kutsukidwa kwachitika kale - mwachitsanzo, madzi abwino omwe akubwera amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamapeto omaliza ndipo kusefukira kumabwezeretsedwanso kuti kusungunuka pa sitepe yapitayo ndi zina zotero.
ZOKHUDZA.
Kuyenga kutengera kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa madzi, ulusi ndi wowuma:
Kuchuluka kwake kwenikweni g / ml | |
Wokoma | 1,55 |
Makoma amtundu (ulusi) | 1,05 |
Water | 1,00 |
Nthaka, mchenga | Pamwambapa 2 |
M'minda yokoka yamphamvu ya hydrocyclone ndi centrifuge, wowuma umakhazikika mwachangu, pomwe ulusi (zotsalira zamkati) zimangoyandama m'madzi. Madziwo amasungunuka mwachindunji m'madzi ndipo amapita ndi gawo lamadzi.
Mwa kupanga madzi otuluka kupita ku wowuma, ulusi wambiri womwe umangoyandama m'madzi ukhoza kukakamizidwa kulowa kusefukira. Nthaka, mchenga ndi mafangayi ambiri ndi ena ofanana kapena olemera kuposa wowuma ndipo sikutheka kusiyanitsa tinthu timeneti ndi wowuma ndi mphamvu ya centrifugal - ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuchotsa zosafunika zambiri pamatope malo ochapira.
Ngakhale zonyansa zina zimayenda ndi wowuma pakamakulira, pali - pogwiritsa ntchito sefa - mwayi wotsiriza wochotsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono - tomwe ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono ndi tating'ono tating'ono tingapo Ma particles sali ozungulira. M'malo mwake, ali ndi mawonekedwe osakhazikika ndipo amatha kukakamizidwa kudzera mukuyenga sefa, ngati kuthamanga kwa kutsitsi kuli kokwera kwambiri.
Zinyalala zomwe sizinachotsedwe mwanjira imeneyi sizingachotsedwe ndi njira iliyonse yodziwika.
Pakubwezeretsa starch yonse iyenera kusungidwa mukusefukira kotero ndizochepa zochepa zomwe zimawonongeka m'madzi am'madzi (zipatso zamadzi).
Kutsika kwa madzi, ndi mapampu ambiri omwe amatenga nawo mbali ndipo kutentha kumapangidwa. Polepheretsa kukula kwa bakiteriya kutentha kwa firiji ndikwabwino.
Madzi akumwa am'madzi azizizira kwambiri, kuzirala pakamatulutsidwa ndikofunikira chifukwa m'matenda oyambitsa madzi otentha omwe amawononga mapuloteni komanso fungo loyipa limatha kuwongolera.
Kuyeretsa m'malo kumachitika ndi caustic ndi hypochlorite monga oyeretsa. Caustic ndi chida champhamvu chochotsera zomanga thupi pamakoma amkati ndipo hypochlorite ndi wakupha wakupha
Pakati pa CIP ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti mapaipi adzaze. Matanki amakhala CIP'ed bwino kwambiri okhala ndi ma bomu azisuntha - ndipo matanki okutidwa amafunika. (Re: Mtengo wa TM23CIP)
Wowuma wowuma kuchokera pazosefera zosinthira zimayanika mu chowumitsira ndi mpweya wotentha pang'ono. Mpweya umakhala wotenthedwa mwanjira ina.
Asanabereke wowumawo amasefa pa sefa yabwino kuti achotse sikelo iliyonse yopangidwa ndi zotengera zotengera etc.
Wowuma amagwiritsira ntchito chakudya chofulumira, maswiti, masoseji, mapiritsi, ndi pepala, bolodi lamatabwa ndi zina zambiri ndipo amatenga gawo lofunikira m'moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku.
Kusinthidwa. Wowonjezera ambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zamakampani. Wowuma amapangidwa kuti akwaniritse zofunikira za ogwiritsa ntchito kumapeto kwa zinthu zingapo zapadera. Njira zambiri komanso zopambana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mfundo yosunthika kwambiri ili ndi magawo atatu osintha konyowa:
Kukonzekera
v
anachita
v
Kutsirizira
Pogwiritsa ntchito machitidwe osiyanasiyana - kutentha, pH, zowonjezera - ndikuwongolera zinthu zapaderadera zomwe zimapangidwa mwapadera.
Zapaderazi zimatchedwa masitashi osinthidwa, chifukwa amasungabe mawonekedwe awo oyambilira ndipo potero amafanana wowuma wowoneka (wosasinthidwa). Koma kusinthaku kwakhazikitsa zikhalidwe zabwino mu wowuma mukaphika. Phala likhoza kukhala kuti limamveka bwino, mamasukidwe akayendedwe, luso lopanga makanema etc.
Kukhala wowonjezera wowonjezera wowonjezera wowonjezera chilengedwe umakhala ndi ntchito zambiri
Kapangidwe ka wowuma wa mbatata
Madera | Kusanthula kwapadera |
Wowuma, wowuma | 80% |
Water | 20% |
ash | 0.3% |
Mchenga | 0.02% |
mapuloteni | 0.09% |
Phosphor, P | 0.07% |
Calcium, CA | 0.03% |
Iron, Faith | 3 ppm |
Cold madzi sungunuka | 0.1% |
Kugawa kukula.
Kutalika, ma microns | % |
87-140 | 3 |
53-87 | 24 |
38-53 | 34 |
28-38 | 17 |
22-28 | 9.1 |
17-22 | 7.7 |
13-17 | 3.3 |
10-13 | 0.9 |
8-10 | 0.5 |
6-8 | 0.2 |
0-6 | 2.0 |
Pamwamba pa pulogalamu yowuma yowuma. 30 ha / g
Mapulogalamu apadera. 1.55 g / ml
Kutentha kwenikweni 1.22 J / g
Chochuluka kulemera kwa wowuma 80% DS app. 0.7 g / ml
DS wa pulogalamu yonyowa ya centrifugate. 0.6 g / ml
Kuwala (MgO2 = 100%) pulogalamu. 95%
Kutsimikiza kwa wowuma mu mbatata.
Zosakaniza za mbatata zatsopano zimagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa mbatata. Sampulu ya 5050 g wa mbatata mudengu lolemera imayesedwa pamwamba pamadzi kenako kumizidwa m'madzi oyera osakwana 18 oC.
Wo = kulemera kwa nyemba za mbatata
Wu = kulemera kwachitsanzo pansi pamadzi
Kuchulukitsitsa dmbatata =Wo / (W.o - Wug / ml
Wouma wowuma = (dmbatata -1,015059) / 0,0046051%
Chiwerengerochi chikuwerengetsa zochepa kuposa 0.05 pamiyeso yomwe yawerengedwa patebulo la EU yolimbikitsidwa ndi European Commission yophimba mbatata ndi 8% mpaka 23% wowuma wowuma. Tebulo lalifupi - loyenera pa 1 Julayi 1996 - ndi motere:
Wo 1g | Wu 2g | Kuchulukitsitsa d 3g / ml | Wowuma wowuma wa mbatata 4% | Mbatata kutulutsa 1 t malonda wowuma 5kg | Mtengo wotsika wa EU 6ECU / t mbatata | Thandizo la EU ku fakitale 7ECU / t mbatata | Thandizo la EU II ku fakitaleyo 8ECU / t mbatata |
5050 | 352 | 1.075 | 13 | 6,533 | 32.110 | 3.405 | 13.31 |
5050 | 372 | 1.080 | 14 | 6,065 | 34.590 | 3.671 | 14.33 |
5050 | 392 | 1.084 | 15 | 5,664 | 37.040 | 3.924 | 15.35 |
5050 | 412 | 1.089 | 16 | 5,308 | 39.520 | 4.190 | 16.38 |
5050 | 430 | 1.093 | 17 | 5,000 | 41.960 | 4.456 | 17.39 |
5050 | 450 | 1.098 | 18 | 4,720 | 44.440 | 4.709 | 18.42 |
5050 | 470 | 1.103 | 19 | 4,467 | 46.960 | 4.987 | 19.46 |
5050 | 488 | 1.107 | 20 | 4,299 | 48.800 | 5.180 | 20.22 |
5050 | 508 | 1.112 | 21 | 4,234 | 49.550 | 5.253 | 20.53 |
5050 | 527 | 1.117 | 22 | 4,140 | 50.670 | 5.373 | 21.00 |
5050 | 545 | 1.121 | 23 | 4,056 | 51.720 | 5.482 | 21.43 |
1Kulemera kwa nyemba za mbatata pamwamba pamadzi. 2) Kulemera kwa nyemba kumizidwa m'madzi. 3Kuwerengera kochulukirapo = (Wo / (W.o -Wu)). 4Okhutira okhutira malinga ndi tebulo lovomerezeka. 6) Mtengo wotsikiratu womwe wopanga ayenera kulipira mwachindunji kwa mlimi kuti athe kulandira chithandizo. 7Thandizo la EU-I- yoyamba yopanga - imaperekedwa kwa wopanga, ngati amalipira mtengo wocheperako wa EU kapena kuposa pamenepo. 8Ndalama yachiwiri - yolipira yolipira - imalipira mwachindunji ku fakitole, ngati amalipira mtengo wocheperako wa EU kapena kuposa. Mtengo wosinthitsira 1. Julayi 1996 anali 1 ECU = 1,24 US $.
Njira yolimbikitsayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza akaunti ndi omwe amapereka mbatata kumafakitale owuma. Njira yomweyi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi chinangwa. Kusungira kosavomerezeka komabe kumatha kuyambitsa kutembenuka kwa michere kukhala shuga yomwe imakhudza zokolola za wowuma osasintha kunenepa kwamadzi ndi kachulukidwe ka mbatata. Chifukwa chake njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mbatata zatsopano. Njirayi siyolondola mwasayansi. Njira zodalirika zokhazikitsira chakudya m'mbatata zilipo, koma gawo losungunuka losakhala wowuma ndi kachigawo kakang'ono ka njere za wowuma sizidziwikiratu wina ndi mnzake mwa njira zolondola.