Wofufuza, All-Russian Phytopathology Research Institute
imelo: maria.erokhova@gmail.com
Ngakhale kupita patsogolo kwakukulu pakufufuza za kuwononga mbatata mochedwa ndikuyika njira zowongolera, kutengera chidziwitso cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, matendawa amabweretsabe kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mbatata chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zokolola komanso zolowa zambiri zoteteza mbewu.
Zimayambitsidwa ndi oomycete Phytophthora matenda, kuchititsa foliar, tsinde, tuber mochedwa choipitsa.
Ngati tuber yokhala ndi inoculum yochepa ikalowa m'sitolo ya mbatata, matendawa amatha kuwononga kwambiri. Choyambitsa choipitsa mochedwa chikhoza kupulumuka kutentha kwa 3 °C. Kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pakhungu la tuber kumapangitsa kuti mabakiteriya ongotengera mwayi alowe ndikuyambitsa zowola zofewa, kudzera pakhungu la mbatata.
Zizindikiro za choipitsa chakumapeto kwa foliar (https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PHYTIN/photos ndi https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabicompendium.40970) ndi mawanga ooneka ngati masamba osakhazikika omwe amakula mofulumira mpaka kufika pazitupa zazikulu akamakula kwambiri. Masamba a necrotic omwe ali m'mphepete pamwamba pa tsambalo azunguliridwa ndi halo yonyezimira yachikasu ya chlorotic. M'nyengo yonyowa nkhungu yoyera ya spore imapangidwa m'mphepete mwa masamba apansi. Zizindikiro za tuber choipitsa mochedwa ndi madera amtundu kuchokera ku bulauni kupita ku purp pa khungu la tuber. Zowola zofiira mpaka zofiirira zimapezeka pansi pa khungu la tuber. Kuwola kumeneku kumafikira pakati pa tuber. Njira yayikulu yofalitsira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikufalikira ndi zoosporangia zoyendetsedwa ndi mpweya kuchokera ku mbewu za mbatata zomwe zili ndi kachilombo, mbewu zodzipereka za mbatata ndi zomera, zomwe zidabzalidwa m'minda yambatata yoyandikana nayo, mumilu yambiri. Zomera, zomwe zabzalidwa pamilu yoposa, komanso mbatata zongodzipereka zitha kukhala nkhokwe za matenda oyambitsidwa ndi nsabwe za m'masamba ndi matenda ena a mbewu (matenda a Rhizoctonia; dontho lakuda, loyambitsidwa ndi Ma coccode a Colletotrichum, nkhanambo yaufa, yoyambitsidwa ndi Spongospora subterranea) ndi tizirombo toyambitsa matenda (nematodes, mbatata yotupa, nsabwe za m'masamba). Kuphatikiza apo, ma oospores amatha kupangidwa m'masungidwe awa a inoculum. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti choipitsa mochedwa chikhale chovuta kwambiri kuchiwongolera chifukwa chakuchulukirachulukira kwachiwopsezo chakukula kwa oomycete kugonjetsedwa ndi zinthu zoteteza mbewu chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mankhwala komanso kuchuluka kwa mankhwala opha bowa (oomycides).
Kumadera akummwera tikulimbikitsidwa kupopera nthawi yake milu yowonjezereka pochiza diquate ndi glyphosate kuti muphe kukula kulikonse musanayambe kutulutsa mbewu mu milu ya outgrade (pankhani ya kukulanso kwa zomera mu milu yowonjezereka pakufunika. kupoperanso milu iyi yowonjezera). Njira yabwino yothanirana ndi kachidutswa kakang'ono kameneka mumilu yokulirapo ndi chophimba cha ma sheet okhala ndi heavy gauge wakuda polythene. Mapepala m'mphepete mwa milu ya outgrade amayenera kutsekedwa kuti ateteze kufalikira kwa zoosporangia za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi nyama kung'amba mapepala. Kupaka kwa glyphosate sikofunikira pamene mulu wa outgrade waphimbidwa ndi polythene wakuda koyambirira.
Ndikofunikira kwambiri kukhala ndi milu yowonjezereka kutali ndi mbewu za mbatata ndi mitsinje yamadzi.
Ambiri njira kubereka kwa P. operewera ndi kuberekana kwachilendo pamene zoosporangia imamera kudzera mu hyphae kapena kumasula zoospores ndi flagella zomwe zimabalalika m'mafilimu am'madzi musanalowe ndi kupatsira mbewu. Oospores amatha kukhalabe m'nthaka kwa nthawi yayitali. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, mogwirizana ndi chidziwitso cha ofufuza ochokera ku Netherlands (Mbewu Zachilengedwe magazini, 2000), oospores amakhalabe ndi matenda a mbatata mu dothi lamchenga kwa miyezi 48, m'dothi lopepuka kwa miyezi 34 atasefukira. Zinadziwika kuti kuchuluka kwa oospores kunapangidwa mumitundu yokhala ndi gawo lotsika la kukana kosagwirizana ndi mtundu.
Malinga ndi zomwe zidachokera ku European database Best4Soil (2020), adalangizidwa kuti ayendetse kasinthasintha wa mbeu kwa zaka zisanu kuti achepetse katemera wopangidwa ndi dothi. Phytophthora matenda (oospores), mbatata cyst nematodes, rhizoctonia ndi tizirombo tina.
Zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, njira yoyendetsera matenda a mbatata idakhazikitsidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwazinthu zoteteza mbewu. Komabe, chifukwa chadzidzidzi kwa ma genotypes atsopano osamva a Phytophthora matenda (m'mayiko ena a ku Ulaya, EU_43_A1 genotype yomwe imagonjetsedwa ndi mandipropamide pa mlingo wa 100 ppm); kasamalidwe ka matenda ophatikizika a mbatata kwafalikira kwambiri.
NJIRA ZINTHU ZINTHU ZOPHUNZITSIRA NTCHITO ZOYENERA KUKHALA KWAMBIRI KWA MBATA
• Kulima mitundu ya mbatata yosakanizidwa ndi cultivar.
• Kuononga magwero a gwero loyambilira (zomera za mbatata zongodzipereka, milu yoposa milu, machubu a mbewu omwe ali ndi kachilombo ndi mbewu za mbatata zomwe zili ndi matenda).
• Kukhazikitsa zisankho zothandizira zisankho kuti apange zisankho zoyenera pazachiwerengero choyenera chamankhwala otetezedwa ndi mbewu ndikuwongolera chiwopsezo mochedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera fungal (oomycides), poganizira za kuopsa kwa chiwopsezo chochedwa, kukana kwa mbewu ndi nyengo mu dongosolo la anti-resistant strategy. Pulogalamu yamakompyuta yachilankhulo cha Russia (mapulogalamu) Chithunzi cha VNIIFBlight yapangidwa ndi akatswiri ochokera ku All-Russian Phytopathology Research Institute. All-Russian Phytopathology Research Institute inapatsidwa patent RU 2019663121 (2019) pa Kuneneratu kwa Express - choyipitsa mochedwa pulogalamu yopangira zoneneratu zapaintaneti za chitukuko chakumapeto kwa gawo la Russian Federation. The Decision Support System (DSS) AgroDozor ikugwiritsidwa ntchito popereka chigamulo chodziwitsidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoteteza mbewu pofuna kuthana ndi vuto lakumapeto ku Russia. Mapulogalamu ena a DSS m'maiko ena apangidwa kuti athe kulosera za kuopsa kwa matenda ochedwa choipitsa. Mwachitsanzo, nsanja yapaintaneti Hutton BlightSpy ku UK amathandizira kulosera za kuopsa kwa matenda ochedwa choipitsa. Izi zimayendetsedwa ndi James Hutton Limited, data yanyengo yochokera ku Norwegian Meteorological Institute yomwe ili ndi chilolezo pansi pa Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.
Zothandizira / nsanja zapangidwa m'madera ena motsatira ma projekiti a R & D (mwachitsanzo, ku Europe - Kutumiza , ku China - ChinaBlight). Chidziwitso chamtunduwu chimathandizira alimi a mbatata kupanga zisankho zodziwika bwino, poganizira za kuchuluka kwa anthu amderali komanso kuchuluka kwa kukana mankhwala opha fungicides (oomycides).
Matebulo a Fungicide a EuroBlight (https://agro.au.dk/forskning/internationale-platforme/euroblight/) akusungidwa pa pulatifomu ya European Consortium kwa akatswiri ndi mabungwe omwe ali ndi vuto lakumapeto kuti athe kuthana ndi choyipitsa mochedwa m'madera ena a mbatata ndikuthana ndi choyipitsa choyambirira.
• Kuononga ma tubers omwe ali ndi kachilombo m'sitolo kuti achepetse kuwonongeka kwa tuber ndi inoculum yofalitsidwa ndi mbewu chaka chotsatira.