Pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi ku Midwest, mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyang'anira kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata (Leptinotarsa decemlineata).
Kusavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ma neonicotinoids pakubzala (mumzere kapena kuthira mbewu) kuphatikiza zatsopano, zotsika mtengo komanso zamtundu wa neonicotinoid zomwe zimaperekedwa pamsika wamisika zakhala zokhumudwitsa kwa opanga kusintha kuchoka kuzinthuzi kupita kunjira zina (MoA). ) magulu. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kosalekeza kwa at-plant neonicotinoids kwapitirizabe kuthandizira kuti tizilombo tosamva tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'madera angapo opanga ku Eastern ndi Midwestern US Kumadzulo kwa US, kumene kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo kwafala kwambiri m'zaka khumi zapitazi, anthu opanda chidwi akuwoneka kuti akubwera. m'malo osankhidwa kwambiri, komanso m'malo omwe zovuta za Colorado mbatata kachilomboka (CPB) sizinawonedwe nthawi zambiri.
Kupitiliza kudalira ma neonicotinoids kumangokulitsa kukula kwa kukana ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale zowonjezera zowonjezera zophera tizilombo kuti zithandizire anthuwa. Malingaliro owongolera kukana kwa CPB ayang'ana kwambiri pakusintha kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo mkati mwa nyengo yakukula.
Olima omwe amagwiritsa ntchito at-plant neonicotinoids poyang'anira kachilomboka koyambirira amalimbikitsidwa kuti azisinthasintha mankhwala a MoAs kwa mibadwo yam'tsogolo kuti achedwetse chitukuko cha kukana. Ngakhale kusintha kwanthawi kochepa kophera tizirombo kumeneku kwatalikitsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid, kuchepetsa kudalira nthaka imodzi ya MoA pobzala kumathandizira kuti njira zina zatsopano zochepetsera chiopsezo (RR) zizikhala ndi moyo wautali.
Ngakhale kutengera izi, mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'nthaka amawonedwa ngati opindulitsa kumakampani a mbatata pochepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo (monga carbamates, synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphates), kumera kosalekeza kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo. kukana kumatsimikizira kufunikira kofufuza zosankha za RR ndikusunga utsogoleri ndi zolembetsa zomwe zilipo.
Kuwongolera kwa anthu a CPB okhala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a neonicotinoid kwakhala kutsika mdziko lonse kuyambira pakati pa 2000s. Kuyerekeza kwa labotale ya bioassay kwatsimikizira kukayikira kuti CPB kukana ma neonicotinoids ofunikira m'misika yathu (clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam) kwawonjezeka kumadera onse a kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi Upper Midwest omwe amapanga mbatata. Ngakhale kuti kulephera kwa minda sikuchitika kawirikawiri, nthawi yolamulira kachilomboka mkati mwa nyengo yakukula yatsika kwambiri pakapita nthawi.
Kuchepa kwa nthawi yolamulira kwapangitsa kuti agwiritse ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo owonjezera, opaka masamba kuwonjezera pakugwiritsa ntchito pamitengo. Kuchuluka kwa alimi omwe akusamukira kuzinthu zowonjezera zowononga tizirombozi ndi chizindikiro china chakuti kutengeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kwasintha m'madera. Olima pa malekezero onse a kukana kopitilira muyeso adzapindula potengera njira zoyendetsera kutsutsa zomwe zimaphatikizira mitundu yambiri yopha tizirombo ya RR.
Kusintha kuchokera ku pulogalamu yosalekeza yoyang'anira tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a neonicotinoid kupita ku imodzi yomwe imaphatikizapo mankhwala ophera tizilombo a RR atsopano kudzapereka zovuta zina kwa alimi omwe amazolowera kuwongolera tizilombo tosiyanasiyana koperekedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Zida zambiri zowongolera CPB zili m'magulu osiyanasiyana a MoA, kuphatikiza:
- Abamectin (mwachitsanzo Agri-Mek 0.7SC)
- Benzoylureas (mwachitsanzo, Rimon 0.83EC)
- Anthranilic diamides (monga Coragen 1.67SC ndi Exirel 10OD)
- Spinosyns (mwachitsanzo, Thandizani & Delegate / Radiant),
Komabe, ali ndi mphamvu zochepa polimbana ndi tizirombo tambiri ta mbatata. Kuphatikiza apo, abamectin, benzoylurea ndi spinosyns sizimasuntha m'munda wa mbatata, zomwe zili ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo a at-plant neonicotinoid omwe alimi amawakonda.
Kumene ma neonicotinoids akhala akugwira ntchito kale kuti azilamulira magawo onse odyetsera a CPB, mankhwala angapo atsopano a RR amagwira ntchito bwino poyang'ana magawo apadera okha; Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoyamba za larval instar. Apa, ndikofunikira kuti opanga kapena akatswiri othana ndi tizirombo aziyang'ana m'minda pafupipafupi kuti adziwe nthawi yomwe anthu ambiri mwa anthuwa akutukuka m'malo omwe ali pachiwopsezo. Ntchito zowunikira limodzi ndi zida zapaintaneti zitha kukulitsa kumvetsetsa kwathu komwe - komanso nthawi - kuchuluka kwa anthu a CPB akufikira pamikhalidwe yosiyana.
Ndikofunikiranso kuwerenga chizindikiro cha chinthu chilichonse kuti mudziwe zanyengo zonse zomwe zimaloledwa pambewu ya mbatata chifukwa si zilembo zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi zilankhulo zofanana (zoletsa kukana) malinga ndi malangizo ndi njira zogwiritsidwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zina zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito motsatizana kapena motsatizana ku mbadwo umodzi mkati mwa nyengo yopangira (monga kusapitilila kuwiri motsatizana pa nyengo ya mbewu), pamene malembo ena amakhala ololera ndipo amalola kubwerezanso katatu kapena kanayi motsatizana. chinthu chimodzi mkati mwa m'badwo.
Ngakhale kusakaniza kwa tanki kumatha kukhudza magwiridwe antchito azinthu zingapo zatsopano, ndipo chonde tcherani khutu ku izi zomwe zafotokozedwa patsamba lazogulitsa. Kuphatikizika bwino kwa mankhwala atsopanowa a RR m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana yophera tizilombo kudzapindulitsa kasamalidwe ka neonicotinoid, komanso kutsindika kufunikira koyang'ana tizirombo tambiri tomwe titha kukhudza kusankha kwanu mankhwala kuti muthane ndi tizirombo tonse.
Njira zosinthira zolimbana ndi kukana zomwe zimasinthasintha mafakitole munthawi ndi mlengalenga ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo azitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito motsatizana popanga — Komiti Yotsutsana ndi Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (www.irac-online.org). Akachita bwino, alimi amatha kukhala ndi moyo wautali (nthawi yowononga bwino) mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amathandiza kuti phindu likhale lopindulitsa komanso kuchepetsa kufunika kowonjezera mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti athe kuthana ndi mavuto.
Pakadali pano, alimi a mbatata ali ndi mwayi wopeza magulu ambiri a MoA, njira zoperekera komanso kupanga mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti athetse CPB; koma pitirizani kugwiritsa ntchito at-plant neonicotinoids pofuna kuthana ndi tizirombo tina toyamwa kuwonjezera pa CPB. Kuphatikizika kwa magulu atsopano a MoA mu pulogalamu yanthawi yayitali yoyang'anira kukana kwa CPB kudzachepetsa kukakamiza kwa kusankha kukana lililonse lamagulu atsopanowa a MoA.
Malingaliro otsatirawa amatengera mibadwo iwiri, moyo wa CPB wofala kumadera ambiri opangira mbatata ku Midwestern US (Chithunzi 1). Nyengo yokulirapo yagawidwa m'mawindo atatu opangira chithandizo, mibadwo yoyambilira, yakumapeto, ndi mbewu za masika (mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu akuluakulu omwe akulamulira).
M'madera omwe m'badwo umodzi wokha umachitika chaka chilichonse, alimi angafunikire kugwiritsa ntchito gulu limodzi la MoA lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kumayambiriro kwa nyengo kuti athe kuwongolera mphutsi mokwanira. Kumbukirani, pafupifupi mankhwala onse omwe akuphatikizidwa ali ndi ntchito yaikulu kwambiri pa mphutsi zazing'ono (zoyamba ndi zachiwiri). Komabe, gulu limodzi - novaluron, gulu la IRAC 15, benzoylureas - limakhala ndi zotsatira pa magawo angapo a moyo kuphatikizapo kusokoneza kwa mphutsi zazing'ono, kuchepetsa kubereka kwa akazi ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu ya mazira omwe sanaswe. Olima azitha kuwongolera kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito novaluron pawindo la m'badwo woyambirira pomwe dzira lolumikizana limachitika ndipo magawo amoyo wa kamphutsi amakhala ofanana kwambiri muzomera.
Nthawi zambiri, mapulani owongolera a CPB adapangidwa kuti achepetse kuwonekera kwamagulu a MoA pamibadwo yotsatizana (Chithunzi 2). Apa, anthu amakumana ndi gulu lopatsidwa la MoA kamodzi pamibadwo itatu kapena isanu ndi umodzi iliyonse.
Zosankha pamapulogalamu enaake ziyenera kutengera kuyerekezera koyenera kwa neonicotinoid kusakhudzidwa komwe kumawonedwa kapena kuyeza m'magawo azamalonda. Zomwe zaperekedwa ndi zingapo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimasinthidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi kukula kwa mbatata, kusankha njira yogwiritsira ntchito komanso kuchuluka kwa kusakhudzidwa kwa neonicotinoid.
- Russell L. Groves, Ph.D., ndi pulofesa, katswiri wa Extension ndi wapampando wa dipatimenti ya dipatimenti ya Entomology ya University of Wisconsin-Madison.