Dongosolo la fetereza la mbatata lomwe limamera m'nthaka yamchenga liyenera kuchepetsa chiopsezo zachilengedwe ndikukulitsa kubwerera. Mchenga wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja mwachibadwa umakhala wosabereka ndipo umafuna michere yambiri kuposa loams. Kugwiritsa ntchito nayitrogeni, potaziyamu ndi magnesium pamafunika kuthira feteleza kwambiri mutabzala ndi kubzala mbewu. Izi zimagwiranso ntchito ndi phosphorous yotsika kwambiri ya phosphorous yokonza mchenga wa imvi / woyera. Kugwiritsa ntchito phosphorous asanabadwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokwanira mchenga wachikaso ndi wofiira / lalanje. Kugwiritsa ntchito kashiamu wosungunuka pambuyo pake kumatha kupititsa patsogolo kukolola kwa mbeu ndi mtundu wa tuber.
Introduction
Tsambali limafotokoza za pulogalamu ya fetereza yamsika watsopano m'nyengo yozizira komanso mbatata yobzalidwa chilimwe yomwe imalimidwa mumchenga wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ku Western Australia. Dongosolo la feterezoli siliganiziranso michere yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kubzala m'njira zina kupatula feteleza wamankhwala, monga zosintha zamagulu.
Malangizowa amaphimba mchenga wachikaso (Karrakatta) ndi wofiira lalanje (Spearwood ndi Tuart). Mitengo ya feterezayi ndiwowongolera mbatata zatsopano, ngakhale kusintha kungafunike pamitundu ina. Malangizowo akuganiza kuti fetereza amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudzera mu njira yothirira (feteleza). Izi ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi zina zokhudza kasamalidwe ka fetereza wa mbatata zatsopano pamsika. Pulogalamuyi idapangidwa kuti ichulukitse kubwerera ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo zachilengedwe kuchokera kwa feteleza omwe adatayikira.
Pre-kubzala
Tsatirani zinthu
Zinthu zofufuzira ndizofunikira pakukolola kokwanira. Dongosolo latsatanetsatane la mchenga pa malo akale ndi atsopano ndilofotokozedwera patsamba la webusayiti Tsatirani zinthu za mbatata zomwe zimakula mchenga wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Feteleza zonse zisanabzalidwe ziyenera kulengezedwa ndikuphatikizidwa ndi khasu lozungulira.
Nayitrogeni, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu
Nayitrogeni woyikidwa musanadzalemo akhoza kutayikira. Pochepetsa kutayika kumeneku, kuthira nayitrogeni koyamba kuyenera kuyamba kubzala koma asanatuluke. Mulingo wa phosphorus yomwe ingagwiritsidwe uyenera kutsimikiziridwa kuchokera kukayezetsa nthaka isanabzalidwe. Phosphorus iyenera kulengezedwa ndikuphatikizidwa musanadzalemo, pamodzi ndi potaziyamu, magnesium (5kg Mg / ha) ndikuwunika. Imitsani ndikuyika potaziyamu musanadzalemo ngati potaziyamu sulphate pa 200kg / ha, yomwe imapereka potaziyamu 82kg / ha.
Pambuyo podzala ndi kutuluka
asafe
Ikani nayitrogeni sabata iliyonse pamlingo wokhazikika m'nyengo yozizira komanso yotentha. Sikoyenera kusiyanitsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito ya nayitrogeni ndi gawo la mbewu. Mulingo wokwanira wa nayitrogeni ndi 490kg / ha wa mbewu zomwe zidabzalidwa chilimwe ndi 570kg / ha pa mbeu zomwe zidabzalidwa nthawi yozizira, zomwe ndizotsika poyerekeza ndi zomwe opanga ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito. Mavitrogeni ambiri angafunike ngati mvula yamvula yozizira ndiyokwera kuposa masiku onse. Kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni m'madzi othirira kuyeneranso kuganiziridwa, popeza nayitrogeni wambiri atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kubzala kuchokera kumadzi othirira, makamaka nthawi yotentha. Zambiri zitha kupezeka pa Kugwiritsa ntchito michere ku masamba kudzera kuthirira.
Potaziyamu
Potaziyamu iyenera kugwiritsidwanso ntchito sabata iliyonse nthawi zonse. Mitengo yonse ya 522kg / ha yodzala nthawi yotentha ndi 602kg / ha yodzala nthawi yachisanu ndiyokwanira kukolola kokwanira paminda yatsopano. Pamalo akale, 450kg / ha ndiyokwanira nthawi zambiri, chaka chonse.
Sulfure
Sulfa ndi chinthu chofunikira pa mbeu zonse. Sulfa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza komanso phosphorous ndi potaziyamu feteleza nthawi zambiri imakhala yokwanira kukwaniritsa zosowa za mbewu. Ngati feteleza wokhala ndi sulufule wocheperako amagwiritsidwa ntchito (DAP mwachitsanzo), gypsum kuti mupereke sulfa ngati sichiperekedwa mwanjira ina monga potaziyamu sulphate.
mankhwala enaake a
Kuchuluka kwa 20 mpaka 30kg / ha wa magnesium kapena 200 mpaka 300kg / ha wa magnesium sulphate (Epsom salt) nthawi zambiri imakhala yokwanira.
kashiamu
Calcium ndi michere yofunikira pakukula kwa mbewu. Monga ndi sulfure, mbewu nthawi zambiri zimapeza kashiamu kudzera mu feteleza wina monga superphosphate kapena zosintha monga laimu. M'madera ena, calcium yochulukirapo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kudzera m'madzi othirira. Calcium iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zovuta monga mtima wopanda pake, malo abulauni kapena fleck ndizofala. Izi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito musanadzalemo ngati gypsum pa tonne / ha imodzi kapena mukabzala pambuyo pogwiritsira ntchito calcium nitrate ngati gwero la nayitrogeni pazomwe zimayambira kutuluka mpaka 100kg Ca / ha.
Chidule cha pulogalamu ya feteleza yogwiritsira ntchito N, K, Mg ndi Ca mutabzala ndi kutuluka kwa mbatata pamchenga wa N ndi K wobereka zimaperekedwa patebulo.
Ubwino wa Urea
Urea nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mankhwala opatsirana otchedwa biuret omwe amapangidwa ndi kapangidwe kake. Urea yokhala ndi biuret yayikulu yawonetsedwa kuti iwononga mbewu, makamaka kumera mbewu ndi masamba ngati zitagwiritsidwa ntchito mutabzala. Kuti muchepetse vutoli, ingogwiritsani ntchito urea yokhala ndi biuret yotsika (<0.25%).
Mapulogalamu a feteleza
Nthawi (kutuluka kwa masabata) | N | urea | K | Potaziyamu sulphate | Mg | Mankhwala enaake a sulphate | Ca | Calcium calcium |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Asanatuluke | 50 | 109 | 82 | 200 | 5 | 50 | 0 | 0 |
Kutuluka | 40 | 87 | 40 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1 ndi 2 | 40 | 87 | 40 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | 40 | 0 | 40 | 98 | 8 | 80 | 50 | 265 |
4 ndi 5 | 40 | 87 | 40 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
6 | 40 | 0 | 40 | 98 | 8 | 80 | 50 | 265 |
7 ndi 8 | 40 | 87 | 40 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
9 | 40 | 87 | 40 | 98 | 8 | 80 | 0 | 0 |
10 | 40 | 87 | 40 | 98 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 490 | 891 | 522 | 1276 | 29 | 290 | 100 | 530 |
- Gwiritsani ntchito otsika (<0.25%) biuret urea
- Ikani urea kapena nayitrogeni mutabzala koma musanatuluke
- Mu mzere wa 'isanatuluke', michere yonse yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito imawonetsedwa chifukwa imaphatikizapo potaziyamu ndi magnesium yophatikizidwa musanadzalemo
Kuyesa mbewu ndi kuthirira
Kusanthula mbewu
Gwiritsani ntchito kusanthula kwa mbewu kuti muwone ngati pulogalamu ya feteleza ndiyokwanira. Ndikofunikira kutenga mitundu ingapo ya mnofu pa nthawi yonse ya mbewuyo ndikupeza chithunzi cha zosowa zazomera. Mzere womwe uli pazithunzi za kusanthula kwa michere pakapita nthawi umatsika kapena kupita patsogolo, pansi kapena osasintha. Yerekezerani izi ndi zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa pakulima mbewu zochuluka nthawi yomweyo monga chisonyezo ngati pulogalamu ya feteleza ndiyokwanira.
Muyeso umodzi, umodzi wokha wa mbeu sungapereke chiwonetsero chokwanira cha kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka michere m'moyo wonse wa mbewuyo. Pofuna kudziwa zosowa za mbeu kudzera pakuyesa mbewu, sampuli ya petiole iyenera kuyamba pomwe wamkulu kapena king tuber pansi pazomera ziwiri kapena zitatu wafika 10mm m'litali.
Pakubzala kulikonse, sonkhanitsani tsamba laling'ono kwambiri la mbatata kuyambira 20 mpaka 30. Tsamba laling'ono kwambiri lokhwima ndilo lachinayi kapena lachisanu kuchokera pamwamba pa chomeracho. Bwerezani milungu iwiri iliyonse kapena ngati kuli kofunikira. Tumizani zitsanzo kuntchito yoyesa kuyesa kubzala kuti isanthulidwe. Zotsatira zakusanthula zitha kufananizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa michere pagawo lililonse lokula, pomwe zokolola zazikulu za mbatata zimayembekezereka. Zambiri zimapezeka pa Kusanthula kwa Petiole kasamalidwe ka feteleza wa mbatata pamchenga.
ulimi wothirira
Pofunsira feteleza akuganiza kuti mbewuyo sinathe kapena kuthiriridwa komanso kuti njira yothirira imagwiritsa ntchito madzi chimodzimodzi. Mbatata zimafuna kuti madzi aziphimbidwa m'malo mwa 100% yamapope otentha kuchokera kubzala mpaka masiku 20 chituluke. Izi zikuyenera kuwonjezeredwa mpaka 150% masiku 40 atatulukira. Kupitilira masiku 80 chituluke, kuthirira kumayenera kuchepetsedwa pang'onopang'ono mpaka 100% ya kusala pang'ono kukolola.
Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito tensiometers - gwiritsani zitsanzo zamchenga zamtambo wabuluu - ziziyikidwa pakati pazomera ziwiri pamzere, pakati pa kapu ya ceramic 30cm pansi pa phiri. Thirani madzi kuti mavutowa asatsike pafupifupi 5-7kPa kuyambira kubzala mpaka kuyamba kwa senescence. Ngati mvula imagwa kwambiri ndipo madzi amafunikira mbeu, phindu lina la nayitrogeni ndi potaziyamu. Kusanthula kwa Petiole kungathandize kudziwa ngati michere ndi yokwanira kapena yoperewera.