Kufufuza kochokera kumtunda pazomwe mungayembekezere matenda a mbatata nyengo yokula iyi.
Choipitsa chakumapeto chimakhala ndipo nthawi zonse chimakhala chomwe opanga ma mbatata aku Canada akuyenera kukhala tcheru nacho. Kusintha kwa nyengo, machitidwe ochenjeza mochedwa mochenjeza ndi zinthu zowongolera zachepetsa chiopsezo m'zaka zaposachedwa. Koma monga mlimi aliyense amadziwa, palibe kuchepa kwa matenda ena a mbatata omwe angayambitse mavuto nthawi yakukula. Nawa ena oti ayang'anire chaka chino.
Chochedwa Chakumapeto
Phytophthora infestans, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timene timayambitsa matendawa Njala ya mbatata yaku Ireland mzaka za m'ma 1840, kwakhala mliri wa alimi a mbatata padziko lonse lapansi kuyambira nthawi imeneyo. Kuphatikiza pa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mbewu komwe kwayambitsidwa, vuto lakumapeto kwa nthawi yayitali lidakhalanso matenda okwera mtengo kwambiri a mbatata kuthana nawo, ndi mtengo wapadziko lonse wa $ 6 biliyoni malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwina.
Ndizosadabwitsa kuti kuwonongeka mochedwa kukupitilizabe chifukwa matenda oyamba amadetsa nkhawa anthu ambiri ogulitsa mbatata ku Canada. M'zaka zingapo zapitazi, komabe, zinali zothandiza machitidwe ochenjeza mochedwa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo kwathandizira kutsika kwakukulu kwa matenda.
"Pakhala chimodzi kapena ziwiri zabwino zomwe zapezeka mochedwa zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zapitazi, koma sitinakhalepo ndi miliri yambiri," akufotokoza a Dennis Van Dyk, katswiri wazomera zamasamba ku Unduna wa zaulimi, Zakudya ndi Zakumidzi ku Ontario.
“Tili ndi pulogalamu yabwino kwambiri yowunikira pano yomwe ili ndi maukonde otsekera omwe akhala ngati chenjezo loyambirira kwa alimi athu ndikuwalola kuti azitha kupopera mankhwala.
"Mavuto omwe amabwera mochedwa nthawi zonse amakhala oganiza bwino, koma pakadali pano, kaya ndi chifukwa cha nyengo kapena chifukwa cha misampha yotchera spore, ndikuganiza kuti tili ndi vuto."
Vikram Bisht, katswiri wazachipatala ku Manitoba Agriculture and Resource Development, akuwonetsa kuti minda yamalonda ya mbatata ku Manitoba yakhala ikuwonongeka kuyambira 2018, makamaka chifukwa chakupambana kwa maukonde oopsa omwe amachenjeza alimi a Manitoba kuti P. operewera spores apezeka m'chigawochi.
"Panalibe malipoti mu 2020 zakuchedwa kwakumapeto, ngakhale tidachita zovuta zina mochedwa," akutero a Bisht. "Tidatha kuchenjeza alimi ndipo adatithandiziranso pantchito yopopera, zomwe zidathandiza kwambiri."
Dymtro Yevtushenko, wampando wofufuza za sayansi ya mbatata ku Yunivesite ya Lethbridge, akuti panali zochitika zingapo P. operewera spores ikupezeka ndi Potato Pest Monitoring Network ku Alberta chaka chatha, koma sikokwanira kutulutsa mabelu alamu.
"Sizinali zofunikira kwambiri zomwe zimatidetsa nkhawa," akutero. "Kwa zaka ziwiri zapitazi, sipanakhalepo zoopsa zomwe zachedwa, zomwe ndi zabwino."
Chifukwa cha nyengo yofatsa komanso yonyowa panyanja ku Atlantic Canada, Chilumba cha Prince Edward ndi New Brunswick zakhala zikukumana ndi mavuto ambiri mochedwa kuposa madera ena omwe amalima mbatata mdziko muno. Koma zinthu zasintha m'zaka zaposachedwa, nyengo yotentha, youma nyengo yachilimwe yomwe yachepetsa chiwopsezo chomwe chimabwera P. operewera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
"Chifukwa cha nyengo yomwe takhalapo zaka zinayi kapena zisanu zapitazi, kuwonongeka mochedwa kwatsika kwambiri pamndandanda wazovuta," akufotokoza a Lorraine MacKinnon, wogwirizira makampani ogulitsa mbatata ndi Department of Agriculture and Land ya PEI .
"Tapita kwa nyengo zochepa tsopano osazindikira za ziwopsezo zakuchedwa pachilumbachi. Sipanakhalepo inoculum atakhala pansi, ”akuwonjezera. "Palinso mitundu ina yamatenda akuchedwa kusintha yomwe mwina siyovuta kwenikweni pamasamba, ndipo tili ndi zinthu zambiri zothandiza pazoyang'anira."
MacKinnon, pamodzi ndi akatswiri ena, akuchenjeza alimi kuti asateteze ku matenda ochedwa, omwe amatha kufafaniza munda wonse wa mbatata m'masiku ochepa komanso zimakhudzanso kukhazikika ndi kukhazikika kwa tubers.
“Nthawi zonse pamakhala chiopsezo kuti vuto lochedwa mochedwa libwerera kuminda ya PEI. Kutengera zolosera zam'mlengalenga komanso misampha ya spore ndi yothandiza kwambiri munthawi yake, koma sangathe kuneneratu nyengo isanakwane, ”akutero.
Khalil Al-Mughrabi, katswiri wazachipatala ku Potato Development Center ndi New Brunswick department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Aquaculture, akuvomerezana ndi malingaliro akuti vuto lakumapeto silinapezeke ku Maritimes zaka zitatu zapitazi. Anatinso kudzera pulogalamu yadziko kafukufuku, ntchito ikupitilizabe kukhazikitsa njira zatsopano zothanirana ndi matenda komanso kuwunika kuyenera kwa mankhwala olembetsedwa a fungicide motsutsana ndi mitundu yambiri ya matenda oopsa a blight.
Al-Mughrabi akuti ku New Brunswick, pulogalamu yolosera zam'mbuyomu mochedwa malinga ndi nyengo yomwe imathandizira kuti pakhale zodetsa mochedwa, ndi njira yotchera spore yomwe imakhudza zigawo zomwe zikukula mbatata mchigawochi, ikuyendetsedwa mwachangu kuti athe kulosera za ngozi zam'mbuyo.
Van Dyk amanenanso kuti Ontario akuyang'anitsitsa zovuta zaposachedwa, US-25, komanso kuwoneka ngati koopsa, Phytophthora nicotianae, womwe ndi mtundu wofanana ndi P. operewera ndipo imayambitsa matenda am'mimba ofanana ndi vuto lakumapeto. Zonsezi zapezeka pafupi ndi boma la New York, kotero amalima amalimbikitsidwa kuti atumize zitsanzo za mbewu zilizonse zomwe zikuwonetsa zovuta zakuchedwa kuti zikayesedwe.
PED
Ngakhale mavuto akuchedwa kuchepa, pali nkhawa yayikulu mdziko lonselo za matenda ena opunduka a mbatata - Mbatata yakufa msanga (PED).
MacKinnon akufotokoza kuti: "Matenda omwe adadziwika m'zaka zaposachedwa ndi PED." "Chifukwa takhala tikupeza nyengo yotentha, youma, tikuwona zovuta zambiri ndi mbatata zomwe zimamwalira msanga, ndipo izi zikukhudza zokolola za mitundu yosinthira… Opanga kuno ali ndi nkhawa."
Fumigation, yomwe imapha verticillium ndi root lesion nematodes yokhudzana ndi PED, ndi njira yodziwikiratu yothandizira matendawa, koma sikuloledwa ku PEI MacKinnon akuti chifukwa chake, opanga mbatata ku Island atha kukhala akuyang'ana kuwonjezera mbewu ya biofumigant pakuzungulira kwawo chaka.
“Mpiru wayamba kukhala wofala pazifukwa zingapo. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti mpiru umakhala wothandiza polimbana ndi verticillium m'nthaka, koma ulinso ndi phindu linalake polamulira mbozi, "akutero a MacKinnon.
"Palinso kafukufuku wambiri wokhudzana ndi zipatso za manyuchi, mapira a ngale ndi mbewu zina zosinthasintha zomwe zingachepetse kuchuluka kwa verticillium ndi / kapena root lesion nematode m'nthaka."
Van Dyk akuti ngakhale PED siyingakhale vuto lalikulu ku Ontario monganso momwe zilili ndi Maritimes, zili paulimi wa alimi m'chigawo chake ndi omwe amalima omwe anali ndi mavuto, kufufuma ndikuyang'ana njira zina zathanzi.
"Tidakhala ndi zokolola zabwino, kotero ngati olima adzagwiritsa ntchito fumigant m'minda yomwe amaganiza kuti ili ndi ma verticillium ndi ma nematode ambiri, anali ndi mwayi wochita izi kugwa chifukwa panali nthawi yochitira izi," akufotokoza. .
Bisht akuti dontho lakuda ndi verticillium wilt, zonse mkati mwa zovuta za PED zamatenda zomwe zimayambitsa kufa msanga, zakhala zikuchulukirachulukira ku Manitoba mzaka zaposachedwa. Ngakhale nyengo imagwira ntchito yayikulu pakuchulukitsa kwa matenda onsewa, Bisht akuyembekeza kuti kupsinjika kwa matenda kudzakhalabe kokweza nyengo ikubwerayi m'malo omwe ali ndi mbiri yakuda ndi dontho lakuda.
Yevtushenko akuti kuda nkhawa ndi PED kukukulirakulira ku Alberta komanso kusintha kwa nyengo kukuwonjezera chiopsezo chake.
"Malo obzala akukula, ndipo kusinthasintha kwa mbewu kumatha kufupikirapo, ndipo izi pamapeto pake zidzapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwa verticillium m'nthaka, chifukwa chake ndimatenda akuluakulu a tizilomboto timayembekezera kuti mwina matendawa atha kukwera," akufotokoza.
Kuwonongeka Kwachigawo
- mwendo wakuda ku Manitoba - Malinga ndi a Bisht, nyengo yozizira, yobzala yonyowa masika apitawa idadzetsa matenda ambiri a bakiteriya m'minda ya mbatata ya Manitoba chaka chatha zomwe sizinangokhudza zokolola zokha, komanso zidabweretsa vuto la blackleg m'malo ena. Bisht akuti chisamaliro chowonjezeka chiyenera kuchitidwa ndikudula mbewu chifukwa choteteza chiopsezo chodzala mbewu yomwe ili ndi kachilombo ka blackleg.
- Soft Rot ku Ontario - Van Dyk akuti amatumiza mbewu zakunja chifukwa cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga Dickeya dianthicola ndi Pectobacterium parmentieri tsopano ndi vuto lalikulu kwa opanga mbatata ku Ontario. Amalimbikitsa alimi kudzala mbewu zabwino kwambiri, kuyesa mbewu zambiri ngati angakwanitse kuonetsetsa kuti alibe matenda, kuyerekezera mbewu zomwe zikukayikiridwa, komanso kukhala tcheru pazizindikiro zoyambirira za mabakiteriya ofunda owola m'minda ya mbatata ngati kutuluka kwamabala ndi mbewu ndi nyonga zochepa.
- Kuwonongeka koyambirira ku Atlantic Canada - Al-Mughrabi akuti matendawa anali ovuta m'minda ya mbatata mdera la Maritimes chaka chatha chifukwa chakusowa kwa mvula yomwe idatsindika mbewu ndikukonda chitukuko choyambilira. "Ngati nyengo yotsatira nyengo ikupitilirabe kuuma, zomwezi zitha kuyembekezeredwa koyambilira koyambirira," akufotokoza.
- Nkhanambo wamba ku PEI - MacKinnon akuwonetsa kuti nyengo yozizira m'chigawochi m'zaka zaposachedwa yatanthauza kuti chinyezi chochepa chimapezeka kwa ma tubers pomwe akuyamba kuyambitsa. "Chifukwa cha izi, mutha kupeza nkhanambo wamba, ndipo ndi matenda ovuta kwambiri kuwulamulira," akutero.