Akatswiri atatu a zamaphunziro, kuphatikiza Richard E. Goodman wochokera ku Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, awunikira kuthana ndi matenda oopsa a mbatata kumwera kwa Sahara ku Africa, kuyambira ndikulongosola mwachidule za mbewu yomwe ikukambidwa
Mbatata yakula ku South America kwazaka zopitilira 7,000. Ofufuza aku Spain adabweretsa ku Europe m'zaka za zana la 16 komwe zidatenga pafupifupi zaka mazana awiri kukhala chakudya chodyedwa kwambiri. Masiku ano, ili pamalo achitatu pambuyo pa mpunga ndi tirigu. Ma spuds adayambitsidwa ku Africa mzaka za 18th. Tsopano ku Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), mbatata zimalimidwa pamahekitala 1.7 miliyoni m'maiko 14 pakati mpaka kukwezeka. Amalimidwa ndi alimi pafupifupi 7 miliyoni kuti apeze chakudya ndi ndalama. Zimabweretsa chakudya chambiri, komanso mapuloteni pa ha poyerekeza ndi chimanga ndipo ndi gwero labwino la vitamini C, B12, potaziyamu ndi ulusi.
Zotsatira za matenda oopsa mochedwa (LBD) pakupanga mbatata
Phytophthora infestans ndi nkhungu yamadzi (Oomycetes) yomwe imayambitsa spuds ndi tomato. Idadzetsa njala yaku Ireland yomwe idapha anthu opitilila miliyoni kuyambira 1845 mpaka 1849 ndikupangitsa ena mamiliyoni awiri kusamuka. Kutenga kwa spuds kumapangitsa kufota kwa masamba ndipo pamapeto pake chomeracho chonse chimakhala chowola pambuyo posunga. LBD idakali chiwopsezo chachikulu pakupanga kwa ma spud padziko lonse ndikuchepetsa kupanga kwa 15-30%. Pogwiritsa ntchito mtengo wapakati wa fungicide pa ha ya $ 100 komanso mtengo wapakati wa $ 150 / tonne wa spuds, mtengo wapachaka wa LBD akuti ndi $ 500 mpaka $ 800 miliyoni kumayiko 14 omwe akutulutsa mbatata ku SSA.
Kuswana chifukwa chokana kufalikira koipitsa mbatata
Kuswana kwa kukana kwasamutsa majini a R osagwirizana ndi achibale kuthengo kupita kuma spuds owerengera chakudya. Komabe, popeza mbatata ndi tetraploid komanso heterozygous kwambiri, ndizosatheka kuphatikiza mitundu ingapo ya R kuchokera kwa achibale akutchire mwa kuswana kwachikhalidwe kwinaku mukusunga mikhalidwe yonse yamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zinatengera zaka 45 kusamutsa mtundu umodzi wokana R kuchokera ku Solanum bulbocastanum kupita kuzinthu zamasiku ano mwa kuswana kwachilendo.
Njira zosinthira majini m'zaka 30 zapitazi zimapereka njira zowongolera mosiyanasiyana mitundu yayikulu yomwe ilibe mphamvu yolimbana ndi LBD. Mbatata ya 3R idapangidwa ndi International Potato Center (CIP) posamutsa mitundu itatu ya R yomwe idasankhidwa kuti izitha kuzindikira mitundu ingapo ya P. infestans m'mitundu yomwe alimi amakonda kulimbana ndi LBD.
Omulimu gw'okukolera okwatwaliddwa ne National Agriculture Research Organisation (NARO) n'ekibiina kya CIP mu Uganda okuva mu mwaka wa 2015 nga bweyategeereddwa bulungi ne National Biosafety Committee (NBC). Mpaka zochitika za 15 zosinthika zidayesedwa kuchokera mitundu iwiri ku main spuds research Institute ku Southwestern Uganda. Chodabwitsa, zochitika zonse za mbatata za 3R zidakula popanda kukhudzidwa ndi LBD yopanda fungicides pomwe mitundu yosakhala yopanda mankhwala idawonongeka. Zochitika ziwiri zosinthika zochokera ku Victoria waku Victoria wodziwika bwino zidakulitsidwa m'malo atatu ndipo zidapangitsa kuti matenda azilamulidwa m'malo onse. Zochitika za 3R Victoria zakula bwino popanda ma fungicides m'mayeso opitilira khumi ndi awiri pazaka zisanu zapitazi.
Mbatata za 3R zapangidwa ndikuyesedwa m'munda mzaka khumi zapitazi m'malo osiyanasiyana ku Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, United Kingdom, Sweden, US, Indonesia ndi Bangladesh. M'malo onse, mbatata zosinthika zidalimidwa popanda fungicides ndipo zimapereka bwino kwambiri popanda kuwononga chilengedwe.
Kukhazikika kwa kukana kwa LBD kumayembekezeka kukhala kwanthawi yayitali chifukwa mitundu ina yolimbana nayo ilipo (Vleeshouwers et al., 2011). Kusinthasintha kwa mitundu ya transgenic yokhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya majini otsutsana kumatsimikizira kukana kwa LBD kwanthawi yayitali.
Chitetezo cha 3R Victoria kuumoyo wa anthu
Chitetezo chamitundu yambiri ya R chawonetsedwa kudzera mukugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yachilengedwe ya mbatata ngakhale sichinachite mwadongosolo.
Amakhala m'banja lalikulu la geni osachepera 3,000 mamembala amtundu uliwonse wa spuds kuti athe kulimbana ndi tizirombo tambiri ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (Jupe et al., 2013). Mitundu itatu ya R ku Victoria idasankhidwa kuchokera ku zidutswa zosasinthidwa za DNA zamtchire Solanum bulbocastanum, ndi Solanum venturii, chimodzimodzi ndi omwe obereketsawo amatha kuyambitsa powoloka (Ghislain et al., 2019).
Mitundu yomwe imayika mapuloteni a R imatha kupezeka kwanuko chifukwa chokhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo mapuloteni a R amafotokozedwa m'matumba a mbatata omwe amakhala m'malo ochepera (Habig et al., 2018). Mapuloteni a R si ma poizoni omwe amapha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Amayambitsa zomwe zimachitika mbatata, zimayambitsa kufa kwa maselo a mbatata, zomwe zimachotsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Matendawa amatha kuwonongeka komanso poizoni wawo poyesedwa poyerekeza ma amino acid ndi ma allergen odziwika ndi poizoni pogwiritsa ntchito njira zotsimikizika ndi zotsatira zake zikuwonetsa kuti sipafunikira kuyesedwa kwina (Goodman et al., 2008)
Gulu la nptII losankhika lidayambitsidwa ndi 3R-gene stack ndipo monga mbewu zina zotulutsidwa, kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni a NPTII ndiotsika kwambiri. Ili ndi mbiri yogwiritsa ntchito mosamala mitundu 122 yama transgenic yomwe imavomerezedwa kulima, kudya, kapena kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya (EFSA 2009; Nicolai et al. 2014; http://www.isaaa.org/gmapprovaldatabase/default.asp, idapezeka pa Julayi 7, 2019). Zitsanzo za Tuber zochokera kuma transgenic spuds ndi mitundu yosasintha (mzere wa makolo) idawunikiridwa pazinthu zisanu zofunika zomwe OECD idalimbikitsa. Chinyezi, shuga (makamaka kuchepetsa shuga), vitamini C, phulusa, mapuloteni, ndi glycoalkaloid zomwe zidafanana zinali zofanana ndipo mfundo zonse zinali m'mabuku omwe adalembedwa m'mabuku a tubers a mbatata (OECD 2015; AFSI 2019).
Chitetezo cha chilengedwe cha mbatata zosakanikirana ndi LBD kukana
Palibe chowoneka bwino chowopsa chakuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kuchokera ku chochitika cha 3R Victoria. Kafukufuku wam'munda wama spuds ena opitilira muyeso ofotokoza ma protein a R sanawonetse kusiyana pakukula kwa nyamakazi poyerekeza ndi mizere ya mbatata m'malo awiri kwa nyengo ziwiri (van der Voet et al., 2019).
Kafukufuku wofananira yemwe adachitidwa ndi mbatata ya 3R Victoria ndi NARO ndi CIP mzaka zisanu zapitazi ku Uganda zatsimikizira kuti kulibe zovuta pazinthu zosafunikira (NTO). Tidakonda kuwona zamoyo zapamwambapa monga arthropods, popanda kuchepa kwachilengedwe. Panalibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ziwembu ndi 3R Victoria ndi omwe anali ndi Victoria ndi omwe anali ndi Victoria chifukwa cha ntchentche zoyera, ntchentche za m'migodi, kafadala, nsabwe za m'masamba, nyerere zofiira, ndi akangaude omwe anali NTO okha omwe amapezeka m'minda. Ngakhale ndizocheperako, zomwe tawona zikutsimikizira kuti Victoria ya 3R siyowononga chilengedwe.
Makhalidwe ovomerezeka mbatata yolimbana ndi LBD
Alimi pakadali pano amagwiritsa ntchito fungicides kuti athetse LBD ndi mitundu ina ya mbatata yosagwira bwino ntchito. Mafungicides, kuphatikizapo mafangasi opangidwa ndi mkuwa omwe ali ndi mbiri yabwino, amakhala ndi zovuta zina m'deralo, makamaka nthaka. Mbatata ya 3R Victoria imapereka maubwino osasokonekera kwachilengedwe kwinaku ikuchepetsa mphamvu zamagetsi ndi zofunikira pakulamulira kwa LBD.
Ku SSA, mtengo wa LBD ndiwowopsa pomwe minda nthawi zambiri imakhala kotala limodzi la hekitala ndipo zotayika za 30-60% ndizofala. Ku Uganda, tidayerekezera zabwino zakulandila 3R Victoria ndi omwe ali ndi minda yaying'ono kuti awonjezere phindu lawo ndi 40%. Komanso, mbatata ya 3R ndiyopindulitsa pochepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito fungicide ndi mpweya wa kaboni (Haverkort et al., 2008; Kessel et al., 2018).
Mbatata ya 3R Victoria, chifukwa chake, ndi phindu lochulukirapo pakupititsa patsogolo ma spuds, chitetezo cha chakudya, kupezetsa ndalama, komanso kuteteza zachilengedwe. Kukhazikitsidwa kwakukulu kwa mitundu ya mbatata ya 3R kudzathandizira ku Africa ndi US kutengera zolinga za Sustainable Development and Climate Change. Kuchedwetsa kukhazikitsidwa kwake ndi alimi a mbatata kudzapangitsa kuti azigwiritsabe ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso kuwonongeka kwakapangidwe komwe kumakhudza alimi ndi ogula omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu.
Kugulitsa kwa mbatata za 3R zikavomerezedwa
Mbatata ya 3R Victoria pakadali pano ikuyesedwa pamunda kuti ivomerezedwe ku SSA. Kamodzi kovomerezeka, njira zabwino zoyang'anira zikufunika kuti mbewu zabwino zizipezeka kwa alimi. Popeza mbatata ya 3R idapangidwa kwathunthu ndi mabungwe ofufuza anthu, palibe chifukwa chobwezera chindapusa chaukadaulo. Padzakhala, komabe, pakufunika kuti tipitilize kupanga ndi kusungitsa mitundu ya spuds yabwino kwambiri kuti tipewe kulimbana ndi mitundu yatsopano ya infestans ya Phytophthora. Tikatero, pamapeto pake tidzagonjetsa LBD ndi zotsatira zake zoyipa pachuma chofooka cha omwe ali ndi minda yaying'ono ku SSA.