"Mitundu ina imaphimba mbewu zomwe timasankha, ma exudates awo amapondereza ena mwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a mbatata yathu,"
Anatero Perry, akulozera mbatata kufa kapena Verticillium wilt, zomwe zimatha kulowa muzu wa chomera kudzera pakuwonongeka kwa mizu yotupa nematodes. M'zaka ziwiri zapitazi, kufa kwa mbatata kunali kochepa pafamuyo.
Palibe chatsopano pa ulimi wokonzanso; kwenikweni, ndi yakale monga ulimi wokha. Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwa, zakhala zikukankhidwa powonekera ndikukhala mawu ogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makampani azakudya omwe amalonjeza poyera kuti atsatira machitidwe awo. Imodzi mwa mwala wapangodya wa kayendedwe ka regenerative ag ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zophimba. Koma ambiri amati mbewu zophimba zimangogwira ntchito m'machitidwe osalima. Kuchotsa kulima kwa mbatata ndikosavuta kugulitsa, komabe, ndipo zasiya ambiri omwe amalima mbatata akudzifunsa ngati mbewu zakuphimba ndizoyenera kukangana.
Mwezi watha wa June, kampani yayikulu yopanga mbatata ya McCain Foods idalengeza kuti ikufuna kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zaulimi zomwe zikukulanso pa 100% ya maekala ake a mbatata pofika chaka cha 2030. Kulima mbatata, kusunga ndi kunyamula ndi 25% pofika 2030, ndikuwongolera kugwiritsa ntchito bwino madzi 15% pofika 2025 m'madera omwe ali ndi madzi.
Kampaniyo ikukonzekera kuyang'ana kwambiri mfundo zisanu ndi imodzi, kuphatikizapo kukhazikitsa mbewu zovundikira, kusokoneza pang'ono kwa nthaka, kupititsa patsogolo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu, kukhathamiritsa kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa mankhwala a agro-chemical, kuwonetsetsa kuti minda ikhale yolimba, komanso kuphatikiza kwa ziweto ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Chiyambi chabwino kwa alimi ambiri chidzakhala mfundo yofunika kwambiri, kukhazikitsidwa kwa mbewu zophimba.
Munkhani yaposachedwa yapaintaneti, a Scott Gillespie, mlangizi wodziyimira pawokha pazaulimi wokonzanso ndi Plants Dig Soil Consulting ku Canada, adafotokoza zaubwino wowonjezera mbewu zovundikira pamakina opanga mbatata.
"Makina ambiri sanaphatikizepo mbatata ngati njira chifukwa cholinga chake ndikuchepetsa kapena kuthetsa kulima," adatero. Zimakhala zovuta kuyesa mutauzidwa kuti kulima kumawononga ntchito yonse yomwe mukuyesera kukwaniritsa.
Koma mbewu zophimba zokha zimawonjezerabe phindu. Atha kuchepetsa kufunikira kwa mankhwala ophera udzu komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo pomwe akupanga zokolola polimbikitsa thanzi la nthaka, adatero. Angathenso kupewa kukokoloka kwa nthaka komanso kusunga chinyezi. M'kupita kwa nthawi, amathandizira kupanga zinthu zokhala ndi nthaka komanso kusunga madzi.
Iye anati: “Zinthu zamoyo zimatha kuwoneka kuti zikumanga msanga panthaka, koma kukhazikika kwake kumatenga zaka zambiri ndipo kumatenga mizere yambiri ya kukula ndi kuwola. "Izi zidzathandizanso kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi zakudya zomwe mungakhale nazo m'nthaka yanu." “Izi sizidzakubwezerani mwachindunji,” iye anachenjeza motero. "Koma ngati mutabweza ndalama zopindulitsa pakanthawi kochepa komanso kwakanthawi, mudzamanga maziko anthawi yayitali."
Pofuna kuti nthaka iwonjezeke, Gillespie akupereka lingaliro la kulima mbewu ya manyowa obiriŵira omwe pambuyo pake atha kuwadula ndi kuwaika munthaka. Njirayi sizingatheke m'madera onse, makamaka omwe ali ndi nyengo zazifupi, komabe. Koma komwe amakwanira, mbewu zobiriwira zobiriwira ngati mpiru zimatha kupondereza matenda, makamaka omwe ali mu Early Die, adatero.
“Ku Pacific Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa United States, (alimi) angagwire ntchito imeneyi mwa kuchita manyowa obiriwira pambuyo pa kukolola tirigu wachisanu, koma amakhala ndi nyengo yotalikirapo yolima,” iye anatero. "Zatsimikiziridwa kuti mufunika biomass yayikulu kuti izi zitheke." Kuti mudziwe zambiri za momwe mungaphatikizire mpiru ngati manyowa obiriwira, Gillespie akulozera ku ntchito ya Andy McGuire wochokera ku yunivesite ya Washington State. "Maganizo ake akhudza momwe ndimakhalira kuphatikiza mbewu zovundikira kuti zikhale za mbatata," adatero Gillespie.
Pochita
Kale, pali alimi a mbatata omwe akupanga mbewu zovundikira kuti zigwire ntchito. Harold Perry amalima Russet Burbank ndikudula mbatata pa maekala 1,500 ku Alberta, Canada. Ananenanso kuti adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zovundikira pafamu yake zaka 10 zapitazo, koma adangosintha dongosolo mzaka zisanu zapitazi. Poyamba, cholinga chake chinali choti apeze malo oti azilimapo nthaka, chifukwa famu yake ili m’dera lomwe limadziwika ndi mphepo yamkuntho. Anali ndi vuto losunga madzi komanso kusefera kwamadzi, komanso tizirombo ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kuwonjezera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera kumawonjezera kusiyanasiyana kwa biology ya nthaka. iye anati, zomwe, zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zathanzi komanso zolimba.
Mu kugwa, amabzala kusakaniza kwa dzinja lachisanu, kuphatikizapo tirigu wachisanu, rye ya kugwa, nandolo ya ku Austrian yozizira ndi radish yamafuta. Nthawi zina amaponyera mu clover, nyemba, fulakesi ndi buckwheat komanso, malingana ndi kutalika kwa nyengo yotsalira chifukwa sangakhazikitse mokwanira kuti nthaka ikhale ndi thanzi labwino. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuyambira mu Seputembala ... nyengo ikafupika, kusakanikirana kumachepa. Muyenera kumamatira ndi mbewu zomwe zidzakula mokwanira kuti zipindule ndi biology ya nthaka.
"Mitundu ina yomwe timasankha, ma exudates ake amapondereza ena mwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a mbatata yathu," adatero Perry, akulozera ku mbatata kufa msanga kapena Verticillium wilt, yomwe imatha kulowa mumizu yazomera kudzera pakuwonongeka kwa mizu ya nematode. M'zaka ziwiri zapitazi, kufa kwa mbatata kunali kochepa pafamuyo.
Kumayambiriro kwa masika, Perry amagwiritsa ntchito chotchinga champhamvu, chomwe chimalowetsa mbewu zakuvundikira m'nthaka, ndikutsatiridwa ndi chojambula chamapiri. Dongosolo silikhala langwiro nthawi zonse, komabe. "Ngati muli ndi zinyalala zambiri kapena kukula kwambiri, chokwera magetsi sichigwira ntchito bwino ndipo obzala sangathe kubzalamo," adatero, ndikuwonjezera kuti amabzala pafupifupi mapaundi 15-25 a mbewu yozizira pa ekala. , pamodzi ndi mapaundi ena 30 a mbewu zapachaka pa ekala.
Perry akuwonjezera chenjezo kwa iwo omwe akuyang'ana mitundu yosiyanasiyana mbewu zophimba. Iye anati: “Ndingasankhe mitundu yomwe siikhala ndi matenda kapena tizilombo tomwe timachitira mbatata.
Komabe, kwa iye, mbewu zovundikira sizingachitike. Amateteza dothi lake kuti lisakokoloke pakanthawi kochepa, ndipo pakapita nthawi, zithandiza kumanga nthaka. "Malinga ngati mukupanga izi, ndiye kuti mukudziteteza ku chilala chamtsogolo komanso zovuta za zomera - kusefukira kwa madzi, kutentha, kuzizira," adatero.
Ku chigwa cha Colorado ku San Luis Valley, mlimi wa mbatata Brendon Rockey amalima m'chipululu chamapiri omwe amawona mvula yosakwana mainchesi 6 pachaka. Nthaka yake ndi yamchenga, koma yothiriridwa. Chilala ndi chomwe chidamupangitsa kuti ayambe kubzala mbewu zovundikira, zomwe adayesa koyamba zaka 15 zapitazo.
Iye anati: “Tinatheratu madzi a m’madzi omwe tinkatungamo,” iye anatero, ndipo anawonjezera kuti m’zaka ziwiri zosinthira, analibe madzi okwanira kulima mbewu yachiŵiri. M'malo mongosiya nthaka ili ulilimi, iye anaganiza zoonjezera mbewu zofolera kuti zithandize kumanga dothi m'chaka chomwe chikubwera. Kulima mbewu zovundikira ndi ma inchi 6 amvula pachaka sikunali vuto, adatero.
Iye anati: “Tinaona kusungika kwamadzi mochititsa chidwi kuchokera pamalopo. "Zitatero, tinayamba kuphunzira zinthu zina zonse zomwe zinabwera nawo."
M'masiku oyambirira a kulera, Rockey adatembenukira ku sorghum sudangrass yekha, koma zaka zitatu pambuyo pake adaganiza zosintha kusakaniza kumeneku. Masiku ano akugwiritsa ntchito mitundu 15-16 kusakaniza ndi mnzake kubzala kusakaniza kwa nyemba zisanu ndi buckwheat ndi mbatata, komanso. Powonjezera nyemba, amatha kukonza nayitrogeni ndikuwonjezera michere m'nthaka, komanso kukulitsa kukwera njinga ya carbon ndikubweretsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ku mizu. Buckwheat imathandizira kusonkhanitsa phosphate m'nthaka ndikudyetsa tizilombo tothandiza.
Rockey adati alibe vuto la zida akamabzala mnzake. "Zipangizo za mbatata zidapangidwa kale kuti zizitha kukolola mpesa wa mbatata, chifukwa chake kukhala ndi mbewu zambiri kunjako, kumangogwiridwa monga momwe mpesa wa mbatata ungachitire," adatero.
Atafunsidwa ngati akuganiza kuti mbewu zovundikira ndizokwanira mbatata, Rockey adati akuganiza kuti ndizofunikira.
"Zidatilola kuti tichepetse zopangira zathu zobereketsa, zatilola kuti tithawe feteleza wopangira, ndipo takwanitsa kuchepetsa zida zathu zonse zapoizoni chifukwa chobweretsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewuyi ndikuthana ndi mavuto athu ndi zomera kusiyana ndi mankhwala,” anamaliza motero.