Mbewu zophimba ndi mbewu zomwe sizifesedwa kuti zikololedwe koma kuti ziphatikizidwe m'nthaka nthawi ina yake. Pakulima mbatata, mbewu zophimba zimatha kubzalidwa kukhala:
* kuteteza nthaka ku kukokoloka;
* perekani zinthu zatsopano zomwe zingathandize kuti nthaka ikhale yolimba;
* pewani kutayikira kwa michere;
* amatumikira monga magwero a nayitrogeni (pankhani ya mbewu zoyambira); ndipo
* kuthandizira kuthana ndi mavuto ena a tizilombo (mwachitsanzo: namsongole, nematode).
Mbewu zophimba zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito motere popanga mbatata:
* Monga manyowa obiriwira adakhazikitsa chaka pamaso kubzala mbatata. Kafukufuku wochuluka akuti kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola ndi mbatata zabwino ndi mbewu yophimba yapitayi chifukwa chokwera njinga zamchere komanso nthaka. Izi zikuwoneka zowona makamaka kumadera otentha komwe kuchuluka kwa michere kumakhala kofulumira, komanso kunenedwa m'malo ozizira. Akuyerekeza kuti zotsatira za mbeu yambuyomu ndizofanana ndi kuthira manyowa 10 mpaka 90 t / ha, kutengera ngati manyowa obiriwira adathiridwa feteleza kapena ayi.
* Monga kugwira mbewu pambuyo pa mbatata kukolola. Mbewu yogwidwa ndi mbewu yolimidwa chaka chomwecho ndi mbewu yaikulu koma ikatha kukolola. Ntchito yayikulu yodziphimba pantchitoyi ndikuteteza nthaka kuti isakokoloke komanso kupewa kutsekemera kwa michere yomwe mbatata sizikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ikhoza kulimidwa mu kugwa kapena kusungidwa ngati mbewu yophimba pamtambo yomwe imalimidwa mchaka.
* Monga a zokolola za nyengo yonse mozungulira ndi mbatata. Cholinga cha mchitidwewu nthawi zambiri umakhala kukulitsa nthaka yazinthu zofunikira ndipo zimaphatikizapo kusintha mbewu zokhwima m'malo mwa zobiriwira. Ikhozanso kukhala gawo limodzi lamankhwala osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amsongole kapena tizilombo toononga.
Mitundu yazomera yofunikira kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chivundikiro ingathe kugawidwa m'magulu asanu:
* Nyemba;
* Mbewu ndi maudzu;
* Opachika;
* Mabanja ena azomera;
* Zosakaniza pamwambapa.
Tiyeni tiwone zabwino ndi zoyipa za zomerazi ndikuwona momwe zingagwiritsidwire ntchito popanga mbatata kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa North America.
MALAMULO
Banja la legume limakhala ndi mbewu za ziweto monga ma clover, ma vetches ndi nyemba zamchere, komanso zokolola monga nyemba za soya, fababeans ndi lupine. Kukhoza kwawo kukonza nayitrogeni kuchokera mlengalenga mothandizidwa ndi mabakiteriya ena kumawapatsa phindu lapadera ngati gwero la nayitrogeni "waulere" pafamu. Tsoka ilo, nyemba nthawi zambiri zimafunikira kuti zikule bwino mulingo wapamwamba pH kuposa zomwe zimafunikira kupanga mbatata zaulere.
Mitundu ya nyemba yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pophimba ndi red clover ndi vetch yaubweya. Clover yofiira yaying'ono imakonda kwambiri kukolola mbewu chifukwa cha mtengo wake wotsika komanso kuti sichikulira motalika ngati clover yofiira, chifukwa chake sichimatchinga kukolola kwamakina. Komabe, ma clovers amatha kukhala ndi verticillium wilt. Malinga ndi kafukufuku waku Dutch, woyera clover yomwe imamizidwa m'munsi ndi tirigu imatha kukhala ndi vuto pazokolola za mbatata zotsatirazi. Vetch yaubweya ndi nyemba zomwe zimakula mwachangu m'nyengo yozizira koma sizikhala m'nyengo yozizira ku Canada zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mbewu yophimba.
Nyemba zotentha zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mbewu zosinthana koma zikhonza kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati mbewu zophimba. Soybean ndi manyowa abwino kwambiri pamaso pa mbatata makamaka m'malo otentha. Imalekerera acidity ya nthaka kuposa nyemba zambiri ndipo ndiyabwino kuthana ndi nkhanambo. Chosavuta cha ma soya omwe amalimidwa ngati mbeu ndikuti chimatulutsa zotsalira zochepa ndipo sizimathandizira kuti nthaka izikhala yolimba. Lupine ndiwokondedwa m'maiko aku Eastern Europe ngati mbewu yophimba mbatata zisanachitike. Zotsatira zake pazokolola zimakhala zaka ziwiri posinthasintha. Komabe, mitundu yochepa ya lupine imasinthidwa kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa North America. Nyemba zimalepheretsa ma nematode ndi rhizoctonia ndipo zimatha kukhala zosankha zosangalatsa pamikhalidwe yathu.
Nyemba zisanachitike mbatata
Nyemba zambewu zimatha kubzalidwa ngati mbeu zaphimba nthawi zonse ndi mbeu ya namwino (monga: clover yaying'ono yomwe imakhazikika mu oats, balere kapena tirigu) kapena ngati mbeu yokolola chaka chatha mbatata zisanachitike. Ubwino wa njere ya namwino wambewu ndikuti mbeu yokolola imatha kutetezedwa. Nthanga imayamba bwino pambuyo pokolola chimanga. Pamadothi opepuka, amalimidwa mchaka chotsatira ndipo amatulutsa nayitrogeni wocheperako mbewu ya mbatata poteteza nthaka nthawi yonse yozizira. Pakafukufuku waku Germany, ma clover omwe adalowetsedwa m'mazira adapereka zokolola zochuluka chaka chotsatira kuposa kugwiririra, mpendadzuwa kapena nyemba zofesedwa pambuyo pa kukolola. Chifukwa nyemba zimakula pang'onopang'ono, sizingapereke chivundikiro chabwino ngati zibzalidwa ngati zokolola pambuyo pokolola.
Pambuyo mbatata
Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi chimanga, nthawi zambiri nthawi imatha kukolola mbatata kuti mubzale nyemba, pokhapokha ikangoyamba kukolola. Kubzala nyemba zoyambilira kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti sikusiya nthawi yochuluka yachitukuko ndipo kumakhala kowopsa mchaka chouma (kulimbikitsidwa kwa mphasa ya mbewu ndikofunika). Vetch waubweya ndi kapezi wofiyira amakula msanga kuposa nyemba zina zambiri ndipo amalimbikitsidwa ngati mbewu zogwirira mbatata zoyambirira. Tsoka ilo, mbewu zawo ndiokwera mtengo ndipo zimakonza gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a nayitrogeni wofesa masika.
MISONKHANO NDI MITIMA
a) Rye
M'mayiko angapo, mbewu ya rye ndi yotchuka kwambiri potseka mbatata, makamaka dothi lowala. Mosiyana ndi nyemba, safuna pH yayikulu ndipo imapikisana kwambiri ndi namsongole. Ndi imodzi mwazomera zabwino kwambiri kuteteza nitrate leaching kugwa. Rye imakhalanso yololera kwambiri nyengo yozizira yozizira. Tsoka ilo, rye ndi yovuta kupha mchaka ndipo imatha kukhala yolandila ma nematode omwe amenya mbatata. Monga zokolola, rye ili ndi msika wochepa ku Eastern Canada, ngakhale itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya chanyama. Rye imayambanso kutayika.
Pamaso pa mbatata
Rye imabzalidwa pambuyo pa mbeu ina yambewu. Popeza siyiphedwa m'nyengo yozizira, imafunikira kuwonongedwa kumapeto kwa kasupe ndi tillage kapena herbicides. Rye amafesedwa mofanana ndi mbewu zina zazing'ono (100-120 kg / ha). Rye atha kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pazokolola za mbatata zomwe zidali zodziwika bwino kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino mu dothi lamchenga la New Jersey ndi Long Island kukhala ndi rye kapena chisakanizo cha rye ndi vetch asanatenge mbatata. Ntchito ya Rye inali kusunga nthaka m'nthaka iyi, nayitrogeni yopangidwa ndi feteleza amchere. Kulima kumachitika kumayambiriro kwa masika kunapezeka kuti rye wocheperako yemwe amatembenuzidwa chaka chilichonse anali wabwinoko kuposa wochulukirapo pafupipafupi.
Pambuyo mbatata
Rye ndi mbewu yabwino yophimba pambuyo pochedwa kukolola mbatata. Rye ali ndi luso losayerekezeka lokula m'munsi motentha. Amakhala ndi chivundikiro choteteza nthaka m'nyengo yozizira chomwe ndi chotchipa kuposa ma mulch a udzu. M'madera akumpoto, rye imayenera kufesedwa koyambirira mpaka pakati pa Seputembala, pomwe m'malo abwino imafesedwa koyambirira kwa Okutobala. Ngati ibzalidwa pambuyo pake, mbewu zapamwamba ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Njira ina yobowolera rye mukakolola mbatata ndi kufalitsa musanakumbe mbatata. Ngati rye idzakololedwe chaka chotsatira, ndibwino kuti mudule udzuwo mukakolola ndikuphatikizira bwino. Mbeu za rye zotsalira zimera ndikupanga mbewu yabwino yophimba. Njira ina ndikumanga nyemba za chisanu mu rye mchaka.
b) Dzinthu dzinthu za masika
Mbewu zamphesa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mozungulira ngati mbewu zosinthana kuposa mbewu zophimba ndi mbatata. Komabe, oats, balere kapena tirigu atha kubzala ngati mitengo yotsika mtengo ikatha kukolola mbatata. Mosiyana ndi rye, amafa m'nyengo yozizira, zomwe zingakhale zopindulitsa. Ngati mbewu yambewu imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kasinthasintha wobzalidwa mchaka ndikukolola mu Ogasiti, mbewu zomwe zimatsalira nthawi zambiri zimapereka zokolola zabwino. Balere si chisankho chabwino kwambiri monga momwe adawonetsera kuti awonjezere nkhanambo mu mbeu yotsatira ya mbatata.
c) Udzu
Mapira achi Japan, manyuchi / sudan kapena ryegrass atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mbewu zophimba nyengo yonse ndipo amathanso kukhala fodya. Nthawi zambiri, mbewu izi zimalimidwa kuti zikhale ndi nthaka ya humus yomwe nthawi zambiri imawonongeka mwachikhalidwe cha mbatata. Zoyipa za mapira aku Japan ndi manyuchi / sudan ndikuti muyenera kudikirira mpaka ngozi yonse yachisanu itatha kuti muwabzale. Podikirira, kukokoloka kumatha kuchitika. Kupaka nthaka pachaka sikuli bwino ndi njirayi.
AYIKONSE
Mbewu zophimba za Cruciferous ndizomera za banja la kabichi ngati mpiru woyera, radish yamafuta ndi canola / kugwiririra. Amakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mbewu zophimbira muulimi wa mbatata, makamaka m'maiko aku Eastern Europe. Amatha kubzalidwa mukangotha kumene kukolola (kubzala mbeu: 10-15 kg / ha) kapena mukakolola mbatata koyambirira. Nkhunda imakhala yopanda chonde, kapena umuna usanabzalidwe ndi manyowa kapena feteleza wamchere.
Opachika amapereka zabwino zingapo. Zimakula msanga, zimakana kutentha kuzizira, ndizophatikizira kwambiri za nayitrogeni, mbewu zawo ndizotsika mtengo ndipo zimaphedwa nthawi yozizira. Amaponderezanso ma nematode. Kuphatikiza apo, mpiru watsimikizira kuti uli ndi vuto losagwirizana ndi nkhanambo ndi rhizoctonia. Chovuta china chotheka ndi phytotoxicity mu kasupe wozizira.
Pamaso pa mbatata
Mbewu zophimba za Cruciferous nthawi zambiri zimakulitsa zinthu zouma m'mitengo yotsatira ya mbatata. Ku Ukraine, kugwiririra kapena radish mbewu zapezeka kuti ndizabwino kuposa kusakaniza nandolo mbatata zisanachitike. Ku Poland, kuyesa bwino kwachitika pomwe gawo lina la nayitrogeni lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomera zotsatirazi za mbatata limagwiriridwa kugwa kusanachitike. Mbewu zobisalira zimathandizira kwambiri pakudya kwa mbatata. Ku Germany, makina adakonzedwa pomwe malowo adakonzedwa nyengo yotsatira ya mbatata pambuyo pa zokolola, ndipo mizere idapangidwa ndikukonzekera kubzala. Mbewu yophimba yamphesa kapena mpiru imabzalidwa m'mphepete mwa zitunda kuti mupange chivundikiro cha nthaka nthawi yachisanu. M'chaka chotsatira, mbatata zimabzalidwa ndi mtanda wophedwa ndi chisanu womwe umaphimba nthaka. Zokolola za mbatata zasintha ndi makinawa. Ku Russia, mbewu yophimba ya radish, mpiru kapena kugwiririra kutsatira kukolola kwa rye yakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pazokolola za mbatata izi.
Pambuyo mbatata
Crucifers amatha kubzalidwa mukakolola mbatata koyambirira. Zimateteza nitrate leaching poyang'anira namsongole ndikuteteza nthaka. Popeza nthawi yozizira idaphedwa, amayenera kulimidwa panthaka masika otsatira. M'malo ouma, monga ku Prairies, zotsalira za crucifer nthawi zina zimayambitsa ndikuwononga zotsatira za phytotoxic pazomera zotsatirazi. Ngati opachika mbewu abzalidwa mochedwa (kumapeto kwa Ogasiti-koyambirira kwa Seputembala), mitengo yolemera kwambiri iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati kugwa ndikutentha kwambiri, kudula pamadontho kungakhale kofunikira kuti muteteze mpiru kuti usapite ku mbewu.
MBEWU ZINA ZA PATSAMBA
Phacelia ndi njira ina koma ndiyokwera mtengo kubzala kuposa mbewu zomwe takambirana kale. Imakula ngati chimanga cham'masika koma imafesedwa ngati mbeu yogwa ikagwa pambuyo pa chimanga kapena koyambirira kwa mbatata. Mpendadzuwa ndi mbewu yolimba yovundikira ndipo ndi yabwino kwambiri polimbana ndi namsongole, koma imafuna kutentha ndipo motero ndi yoyenera kumadera ofunda. Buckwheat ikukula msanga koma sichingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati nsomba chifukwa imaphedwa mosavuta ndi chisanu. Chifukwa chake imakhala yofunika kwambiri ngati mbewu yosinthasintha kapena ngati mbeu yophimba nyengo yonse. Mwachitsanzo, pokonza m'munda mwabwino, mbeu ziwiri kapena zitatu zotsatizana za buckwheat munthawi yomweyo. Chiwopsezo chodzipangira mbewu chimakhala chachikulu ndi buckwheat.
ZOCHITIKA
Kafukufuku wambiri wachitika (makamaka ku Europe) pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazomera. Kupatula pakuchepetsa zovuta za udzu, zosakaniza nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu kuposa mitundu imodzi yokha yophimba mbewu pazokolola za mbatata zotsatirazi. Mwachitsanzo:
* Kusakaniza kwa rye / vetch kumakhala kopambana kuposa rye yekha kapena kugwiririra nokha;
* Msuzi wa mpiru / vetchi / nandolo ndi wopambana ndi mpiru wokha;
Zosakaniza zina ndizabwino kapena zofanana ndi zina. Mwachitsanzo:
* Kusakaniza kugwiririra / radish kumaposa chisakanizo cha oats / nandolo;
* Kusakaniza kwa rye / vetch ndikofanana ndi kusakaniza kwa rye / kugwiririra;
* Zosakaniza za Rye / Vetch kapena kugwiririra / vetch ndichisankho chabwino kwambiri pothira manyowa (10 t / ha).
Kafukufuku wamkulu akuchitika ku University of Maine pogwiritsa ntchito kusinthasintha kwa zaka ziwiri komwe kumakhala mbatata ndikutsatiridwa ndi oats-pea-vetch (50lbs-100lbs-30lbs / acre) ya nyengo yonse. Kusakaniza kumeneku kumapereka mpaka 250 lbs. wa nayitrogeni / ac wa mbatata.
KUTI MUBEREKE MBEWU ZA MBEU KAPENA AYI?
Nthawi zambiri, kuthirira feteleza mbewu zobiriwira sikuvomerezeka. Komabe, zotsatira zabwino zapezeka pa mbeu yotsatira ya mbatata pomwe manyowa obiriwira adakonzedwa ndi manyowa kapena feteleza wa N, kapena zonse ziwiri. Mlingo sayenera kukhala wokwera (mwachitsanzo 10-20t / ha manyowa kapena 60kg N / ha). Ngati atsatira mbewu ya mbatata, manyowa obiriwira sayenera kuthiridwa manyowa, chifukwa chake amakhala ngati mbewu zokolola ndikubwezeretsanso michere yonse.
NKHANI ZOTHANDIZA ZOKHUMUDWITSA M'ZIMBABWE
Njira zopangira mbatata zophatikizira zikuwerengedwa ku University of Cornell. Zotsatira zoyambirira sizolonjeza kwambiri. Zokolola zochepa za mbatata zimawonedwa ndi tirigu wolowererapo ndi / kapena nyemba. Kuphatikiza apo, udzu wokwanira wamankhwala sukanatheka ndi ma interseed okha, ngakhale anafesedwa 3, 4, kapena masabata 5 mutabzala mbatata. Mankhwala a herbicides omwe sangaphe mbewu zomwe zadutsidwazo amayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukwaniritsa njira yololera udzu. Chifukwa chake zikuwoneka kuti kulumikizana monga momwe anafufuzira ofufuza a Cornell sikuyenera mbatata.
PATSAMBA LOYAMBA ZOCHULUKA KWA KUSINTHA KWA ZAKA ZIWIRI
M'minda yambiri ya kumpoto chakum'maŵa kwa North America, kusinthasintha kwa zaka ziwiri ndi imodzi mu mbatata ndiyomweyi. Kusinthasintha kwakutali kungakhale kwabwino, koma kulingalira kwachuma kumachepetsa kuthekera uku nthawi zambiri. Kusinthasintha kwabwino kwa zaka zitatu m'mafamu ambiri kumakhala mbatata / phala laling'ono lakumapeto.
Gulu 1 limapereka zochitika zosiyanasiyana pakusintha kwa zaka ziwiri, ndikuyerekeza kuyenera kwawo pokhudzana ndi kufalikira kwa nthaka, kasamalidwe ka nayitrogeni, kasamalidwe kaudzu, mulingo wazinthu zachilengedwe, ndikubwerera kwachuma. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti pali njira zingapo zomwe mbewu zophimba zimathandizira mu njira yosavuta yopangira. Kusinthasintha kwabwino kwa zaka ziwiri kumatengera gawo lililonse laulimi. Famu yomwe ili ndi mavuto a nematode nthawi zambiri imayankha kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zobisa za cruciferous pomwe yomwe ili ndi vuto lalikulu panthaka ingakhale bwino ndi mapira aku Japan ngati mbewu yosinthasintha.
Kusinthasintha kwa zaka ziwiri zotsatirazi kumaphatikizira zabwino zambiri za mbewu zophimba (chochitika F mu Gulu 1):
Chaka 1- Mbatata imakololedwa koyambirira kwa Seputembala - Rye wobiriwira amabzalidwa patatha nthawi yokolola mbatata
Chaka 2- Rye amatembenuzidwa koyambirira kwa kasupe nthaka sachedwa kukokoloka.
Chochitika ichi chimapereka nthaka yabwino kwambiri. Nthawi yokha yomwe nthaka imakhala yopanda kanthu ndi pamene mbatata ndi chimanga cha kasupe zimangobzalidwa komanso pokolola mbatata. Kuwongolera namsongole kuyeneranso kukhala koyenera chifukwa cha rye komanso kusungidwa kwa mbeu. Kubwezeretsanso zinthu zabwino ndikobwino pomwe zinthu zazing'ono zimapereka gawo la nthaka ndipo zinthu zakale (udzu) zimathandizira pakupanga humus. Kusungidwa kwa nayitrogeni kotsalira ndi kwabwino kwambiri chifukwa cha rye, ndipo kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni wokhazikika kumatha kuwonjezeredwa m'dongosololi ndi nyemba zomwe zimayamba kukolola tirigu. Pomaliza, kubwerera kwachuma ndichimodzi mwabwino kwambiri popeza mbewu ziwiri zimagulitsidwa mzaka ziwiri. Ngati dothi la humus ndilokwera, kapena famuyo imakhala ndi manyowa olimba kapena manyowa, udzu ungagulitsidwenso kuti upereke ndalama zowonjezera.
Mulimonse momwe mungakhalire, yesani mbewu zophimba pa famu yanu kuti mupeze njira yomwe ingakuthandizeni inu ndi chilengedwe.
Ntchito Zachilengedwe Zachilengedwe, McGill University (Macdonald Campus)