Zowona Zachangu… (werengani mbali 1 ndi mbali 2)
- Zosungirako ndi zida zogwirira ntchito ziyenera kutsukidwa ndi kuyeretsedwa musanagwiritse ntchito.
- Mulu wochotsa ndi gwero la matenda ambiri (zowola zofewa, zowola, zowola mochedwa, ma virus)
Pokonzekera malo abwino osungirako mbatata zisanalowe m'malo osungira, mankhwala ophera tizilombo osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa malo osungira mbatata ndi zida zonyamulira mbatata. Ndi njira yanthawi zonse ya phytosanitary yochepetsera matenda ndi tizirombo posungira mbatata ndi zida zogwirira ntchito. Kukhazikitsa njira zabwino zaukhondo ndi machitidwe kwa ogwira ntchito ndi oyendetsa makina ndikofunikira. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, monga silver scurf pathogen, timatha kukhala ndi moyo kuyambira nyengo imodzi kupita kwina ndipo timawola kuyambira zaka 3 mpaka 7, kutengera mtundu wa malo osungira. Kupha tizilombo tosungira ndi kusamalira zida ndi njira zitatu. Zotsatirazi ndizofunika kwambiri pokonzekera kosungirako:
Kuyeretsa kosungirako ndi malo ozungulira
- Nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zosadetsedwa sizingayeretsedwe. Popeza kugwira ntchito kwa ukhondo kumafuna kukhudzana mwachindunji ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, pamwamba payenera kukhala opanda ming'alu, maenje, kapena ming'alu yomwe imatha kukhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
- Kuyeretsa koyenera kumayambira pamwamba pa zida ndikugwira ntchito pansi.
- Kuchotsa zotsalira za zomera ndi nthaka posungira ndi zipangizo. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakula bwino pazinyalala.
- Kuyeretsa pansi posungira ndi nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndi chotsukira chotsuka cha mafakitale ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri chifukwa kusesa kumatha kugawa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pamodzi ndi fumbi.
- Kuchotsa zinyalala za mbatata ndi zinyalala zina mkati ndi mozungulira malo osungiramo mbewu zakale.
- Mphepo yamkuntho kumayambiriro kwa masika kapena kugwa koyambilira kungayambitse inoculum m'malo osungiramo zinthu kapena poyikamo. Kuwotcha, kuwaza, kompositi, kuzizira kapena kukwirira mbatata zotayidwa.
- Ngati malo osungira ali ndi dothi, ndi bwino kuchotsa 1 mpaka 2 inchi ya dothi ndikusintha ndi dothi lopanda mbatata. Chotsani fumbi lonse, dothi, ndi zoletsa mphukira ku masamba akufanizira.
Kusamba ndi nthunzi ndi sopo
- Ukhondo uyenera kuyeretsedwa bwino pamalo onse musanagwiritse ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
- Tsukani nkhokwe zosungirako, makoma, ndi makina pansi ndi madzi otentha a sopo pogwiritsa ntchito makina ochapira othamanga kwambiri komanso
kutsatira ndi kuchapa ndi madzi. - Kutsuka kwamphamvu kwambiri ndi chotsukira mafakitale chosatulutsa thovu, kapena kuyeretsa nthunzi, kungakhale koyenera nthawi zina, monga mabokosi amatabwa, pomwe kuwonongeka sikungachitike.
- Dothi, tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zimasokoneza msanga mphamvu ya biocidal ya zida zambiri zophera tizilombo.
- Nthawi yowonekera pa nthunzi ikuyenera kukhala masekondi asanu kwa zinthu zatsopano, zonyowa za bakiteriya ndi masekondi 20 pa zinthu zouma za bakiteriya.
- Ngati chotsukira chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pochapa, chiyenera kutsukidwa musanagwiritse ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Zida zophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kasungidwe kazinthu zovomerezeka (onani pansipa).
Chizindikiro
Ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikolondola panjira yophatikizira. Mphamvu yopha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda imatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa pamwamba, kutentha, komanso kuuma kwa madzi. Kutsuka ndikofunikira mukamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Posachedwapa, kugwiritsa ntchito mabokosi amatabwa posungira mbatata kwakhala kukuchulukirachulukira kuti muchepetse kupsinjika kwa mikwingwirima yosungidwa kwanthawi yayitali. Ikani mankhwala ophera tizilombo mwachindunji pamabokosi amatabwa, osatsuka ndi madzi. Kusamba koyamba ndi madzi kudzadzaza ming'alu ndi ming'alu, kuteteza kukhudzana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Zolemba zaposachedwa zikuwonetsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito thovu kumayimira kutsatiridwa kwa kuchuluka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo pamwamba pa nkhuni poyerekeza ndi kupopera kwa madzi. Kutulutsa thovu kumachedwetsa kuyanika, motero nthawi yochitira mankhwala ophera tizilombo imachulukira, ndipo mwayi wopambana wopha tizilombo ukuwonjezeka.
Nthawi zambiri, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ayenera kukhudza pamwamba kuti aphedwe kwa mphindi 10 kuti aphe mabakiteriya. Mankhwalawa amatha kuwonjezeredwa ku mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo kuti mankhwalawo azikhala m'malo mwake, monga pakhoma, kwa mphindi 10 kuti alowe pakhoma la cell ya mafangasi kapena kusungunula matope a bakiteriya ndikupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
- Thirani madera pogwiritsa ntchito jet yothamanga kwambiri (mpaka 4250 kPa pressure) kuti mulowe ming'alu, etc., pansi. Popopera mankhwala pazida, samalani kuti musachotse penti.
- Pamwamba pamatabwa amatha kuthandizidwa ndi mankhwala oteteza matabwa monga copper-8-quinolinolate, omwe ali ndi fungicidal komanso bactericidal.
- Fumigants kapena chifunga zingakhale zoyenera mwa zina
milandu. - Pambuyo popha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, muzimutsuka bwino ndi madzi ozizira kapena otentha
ndi kuchotsa madzi owonjezera. - Chisankho cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo tomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito chimadalira pa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe tikulimbana nawo komanso mtundu wa kasungidwe (mwachitsanzo, nkhuni motsutsana ndi zitsulo). Chinanso chitha kuphatikizira kupezeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, njira zogwiritsira ntchito zomwe zilipo monga fogging vs. foam vs liquidspray, ndi zina zotero.
- Mphamvu ya ukhondo ingasiyane malinga ndi mtundu wa pamwamba, kutentha, ndi kuuma kwa madzi. Zotsatira zabwino kwambiri ndi kutentha kwa 15-20 ° C.
Malangizo ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ku zida zogwirira mbatata ndi momwe amasungira
zolemba
- Copper Sulfate: Zochita zabwino zotsalira, makamaka zoviikidwa pamabokosi ndi matumba, zimatha kuyambitsa madontho.
- Formaldehyde: Osavomerezeka nthawi zambiri. Amatulutsa fungo losasangalatsa, lotsamwitsa. Tsatirani malangizo a OSHA
zokhudzana ndi kuwonekera, khansa ya munthu! - Hypochlorites, 5.25% bleach: Wofulumira, wotchipa; zowononga khungu ndi zovala, zowononga kwambiri.
- Hydrogen peroxide/Peroxyacetic acid: Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachindunji ku mbatata, palibe zotsalira, kuwononga pang'ono,
pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati fumigant mu mpweya dongosolo. - Phenolic Compounds: Perekani zochita zotsalira.
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: Zochepa zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe kapena nthaka, pH yamadzi sivuta, pang'ono.
zowononga, gwiritsani ntchito zosapanga dzimbiri. - Ndizovuta kupha mabakiteriya ovunda a mphete m'matumba a burlap oipitsidwa. Ngati n'kotheka, matumba oipitsidwa ayenera
kutenthedwa. Osagwiritsanso ntchito matumba omwe ali ndi kachilombo ponyamula mbewu za mbatata.