M'zaka makumi asanu zapitazi, kupanga mbatata ku India kwachulukirachulukira kuchoka matani pafupifupi 8.3 miliyoni mu 1980 mpaka matani 48.6 miliyoni mu 2017, chiwonjezeko cha 500%.
India ndiye wachiwiri kukula komanso wogula mbatata padziko lapansi. M'zaka makumi asanu zapitazi, kupanga mbatata kwachulukirachulukira kuchoka matani pafupifupi 8.3 miliyoni mu 1980 mpaka matani 48.6 miliyoni mu 2017, kuwonjezeka kopitilira 500%.
M'zaka khumi zapitazi, zokolola zawonjezeka kupitirira 60 peresenti mdera lonselo ndipo zokolola zikuthandizira kukulirako. Zokolola za mbatata zapadziko lonse mu 2017 zinali pafupifupi matani 24 pa hekitala. Komabe, pali kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu pamulingo wazokolola ku India, kuyambira matani 31.5 pa hekitala ku Gujarat mpaka matani 10 pa hekita ku Assam. Mwa zina zomwe zimalepheretsa kukula kwa zokolola, kupezeka kochepa kwa mbewu zabwino kumatengedwa ngati chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuchepetsa zipatso kumayiko akum'mawa. Mtengo wokwera wa mbewu (60,000-75,000 pa hekitala), womwe umapanga 40-50% ya mtengo wathunthu wazopanga, ndi cholepheretsa chachikulu kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono kuti apange ulimi m'maiko ambiriwa.
Ku India, mbewu za mbatata zimapangidwa ku Punjab pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa mbewu ndi ukadaulo wa aeroponic ndipo zimanyamula mpaka 2,000 km kumayiko omwe akumera mbatata kum'mawa ndi kumwera kwa India. Mtengo wokwera kwambiri umanyamulidwa ndi alimi osauka omwe nawonso ayenera kulipira mitengo yokwera. Zowonjezerapo, kukwera mtengo sikukutsimikizira kuti ndizabwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono ndi omwe amakhala m'malire kuti azigwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochuluka pogula mbewu zomwe zimawerengera pafupifupi theka la mtengo wathunthu wopanga. Kufalikira kwa ukadaulo wa aeroponic kumangokhala ku Punjab chifukwa chofunikira kwambiri pakatikati komanso nthawi yayitali yazaka pafupifupi zinayi. asanabwerenso aliyense.
Ngati ukadaulo wotsika mtengo ungapezeke kuti utulutse mbatata pamtengo wotsika mtengo ndiye mayiko akum'mawa ndi akumwerawa ali ndi kuthekera kokulitsa mbatata pokweza zokolola ndikuchepetsa mtengo wopangira. Nthaka ndi chilengedwe m'malo ambiri akumadera akum'mawa ndi akumwera ndizoyenera kubzala mbewu za mbatata mu rabi nyengo (Okutobala-Marichi) ndipo m'malo ena monga Hassan ku Karnataka ndi Koraput ku Odisha imatha kulimidwa m'nyengo ya kharif (Julayi-Okutobala) nawonso. Makamaka, kumpoto chakum'mawa kumatha kukhala mbewa za mbatata zomwe zimapereka mbewu ku West Bengal, Odisha ndi Bihar.
Kudula Kwa Apical
Kudula mizu ya apical kungakhale yankho kuvuto lomwe lakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali ku India pobzala mbewu ndikubweretsa pafupi ndi malamba. The apical cuttings ndi ena mwa njira zamakono zopangira mbewu. Ma aeroponics onse ndi ma cutical apical amaphatikizira zida zachikhalidwe. M'malo opangira ma aeroponic, zikopa zamagulu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa timachubu tating'onoting'ono togwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapaukadaulo m'nyumba zowonekera, pomwe zidutswa za apical zidazo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mayi m'mabowo a coco popangira zodulira.
Pakadutsa milungu isanu ndi umodzi, chomera cha mayi m'modzi chikhoza kuchulukitsidwa kuti chikhale ndi mbeu 8 (Chithunzi 1) ndipo chiwerengerochi chimapitilira 15 milungu 12. Izi zimadulidwa pakama ka nyembazo ndipo kamodzi zimazika mizu, zimasunthira ku nyumba zanyumba kapena malo otseguka kuti apange timabuku tating'onoting'ono kapena tubers yambewu. Tekinoloje yotsika mtengo iyi yakhala ikuchitika ku Vietnam kwazaka zambiri.
Vegetable Vegetable & Flower Research Center (PVFC) ku Dalat, Vietnam ndi mtsogoleri wazidutswa zazing'ono zopangira timatumba tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono. Pamalo awa, mitengo yazodulidwa imagulitsidwa kwa alimi a mbewu m'matayi ndipo amapita nayo kumunda panjinga zamagalimoto ndi ma mini mini kuti apange mbewu zamatumba m'nyumba zamatabwa kapena panja (Chithunzi 2).
Zodulidwazo zitha kunyamulidwanso m'mabokosi amaluwa m'magawo 3-4 ndi pepala la pulasitiki loyera pakati pa magawo omwe adapangidwa ndi asayansi a CIP (International Potato Center) ku Africa. Mitengoyi imachulukitsidwa ndikugulitsidwa kwa alimi ngati mbatata. Alimi ena amagwiritsanso ntchito timitengo timene timadula mizu yawo popanga ziboda kunja. Palinso alimi ku Vietnam omwe adakhazikitsa malo azikhalidwe zazing'ono, nyumba zowonera amayi ndi zodulira ndipo pomalizira pake nyumba zosungiramo zodula zazing'ono zazing'ono. Chithunzi chachitatu chikuwonetsa malo opangira mbatata odulira a Mayi Luong Thi Thu Lan ku Dalat, Vietnam omwe akhala akugwira ntchitoyi kwazaka zambiri tsopano.
Kutengera kumbuyo kwathu kwa kuwerengetsa kwa envelopu, chomera chodula mizu chimawononga pafupifupi Rs imodzi kapena zochepa, ndipo kudula 25,000-35,000 kumafunika pa ekala imodzi. Kudula kulikonse kumatha kutulutsa ma tubers 7-10 ndipo nthawi ina ngakhale ochulukirapo omwe amachulukitsidwa nthawi 2-3 asanagulitsidwe kwa alimi ngati mbewu.
Zisonyezero ndi Kukulitsa kwa Zidulidwe za Apical
Tikukhazikitsa malo odulira mizu ku Bengaluru mogwirizana ndi University of Horticultural Science (UHS) mkati mwa kampasi yawo ya Bengaluru. Izi ziphatikiza malo opangira zida zophatikizira omwe adzaphatikizira mbewu za 20,000 mu mavitamini zamitundu yotchuka, nyumba zowonetsera zowongoleredwa ndi kutentha kwa mita lalikulu 500 kuti apange zochulukirapo zoposa 100,000 nyengo ndi mayunitsi 10 a nyumba zosakhalitsa zokhala ndi maekala 0.25 kuti apange mbewu cuttings kuti multiplications zina kutchire.
Mosiyana ndi ku Dalat komwe kudulidwa kumabzalidwa panja chifukwa nyengo imakhala yabwino kwambiri ndi ma vekitala ochepa, tikukonzekera kukulitsa mkati mwa nyumba zosakhalitsa zosakwanira kuti zigwirizane ndi madera a Bengaluru ndi Hassan. M'madera ena ku India, zitha kutheka kumera mdulidwe panja ngati Dalat. Momwemonso, malo akumangidwanso pasiteshoni ya University ya Hassan. Tikukonzekera kukhazikitsa malo angapo ku Koraput, Odisha, Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI) Shillong station station.
Kutengera kupezeka kwa ndalama, tikukonzekera kukhazikitsa malo ku Assam ndi Jharkhand. Maofesi onsewa azigwiritsidwa ntchito powonetsa alimi omwe akupita patsogolo komanso magulu a alimi limodzi ndi njira zoyendetsera bizinesi kuti athe kupanga mbewu za mbatata pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu. Tikukonzanso kugwiritsa ntchito chimango cha Alimi Aang'ono (SFLF) (chomwe chidasindikizidwa kale https://indianexpress.com/article/india/agricultural-economics-how-doubling-of-farmers-income-is-possible-even-with-small-landholdings-5428084/), kubweretsa magulu a alimi ang'onoang'ono kuti atenge mbewu za mbatata pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo uwu.
(Samarendu Mohanty ndi Mtsogoleri Wachigawo cha Asia, ndi Sampriti Baruah, katswiri wazakudya, ku International Potato Center, Vietnam)