Nicolás Serna ali ndi zaka 74 ndipo wakhala akulima mbatata moyo wake wonse.
Ndi makina oyenera komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwatsopano, tuber iyi imatha kulimidwa, kupulumutsa mbewu ndi zinthu zaukhondo powonjezera zokolola.
Mbatata imachokera kumapiri a Andes ndipo sanalowe ku Europe pafupifupi zaka zana kuchokera pamene America yatulukira. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri zidafalikira kumadera ena adziko lapansi koma sizinafike mpaka zaka za zana la 18 pomwe kulima kwake kunayamba pamlingo wokulirapo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo mpaka lero, njira yolima, mwanzeru, yasintha. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo ndi makina kwathandizira kusintha njira, kuonjezera zokolola komanso kuchepetsa ntchito.
Nicolás Serna amadziwa izi bwino. Ali ndi zaka 74 ndipo wakhala akulima mbatata moyo wake wonse. Lero, mothandizidwa ndi ana ake a Sara, Isidro ndi Nicolás, ndi m'modzi mwa olima mbatata zazikulu kwambiri ku Spain ndipo amapereka kampani ya Pepsico, kuwonjezera pa kugulitsa malonda oti mubzale ndi kudya. Kuyambira pomwe anali ndi zaka 12 kapena 13, adawona abambo ake akuyika njira yoyamba yothirira madzi m'chigawo cha Burgos mpaka lero zinthu zasintha kwambiri ndipo wawawona akusintha.
Chinthu choyamba chomwe amachita ndikumva chisoni ndi chikondi chaching'ono chomwe tili nacho pazomwe timachita. Amadandaula kuti m'misika yayikulu yamagolosale nkovuta kupeza mbatata zadziko ndikuti chiyambi cha mankhwalawa sichimasiyanitsidwa bwino pamashelefu. Nicolás wayenda kwambiri pantchito yake ndipo akudziwa momwe zinthu zilili kumadera ena: “Ku France simukuwona mbatata kuchokera kunja. Ndipo ku England mbatata zoitanitsidwa kunja zimayikidwa m'malo owoneka bwino, kuti kasitomala adziwe zomwe akugula.
Nicolás akuti mbatata yaku Spain ndiyabwino kapena yabwinoko kuposa yomwe imatha kubwera kunja ndikugogomezera kuti nitrate yocheperako imagwiritsidwa ntchito pano. Mbatata zaku Europe zadzaza ndi nitrate. Kumeneko amatha kugwiritsa ntchito kilogalamu chikwi pa hekitala, pomwe pano nthawi zambiri samapitilira 300; zochepa ngakhale ndi mitundu ina ya ziweto zomwe ndikuyesa.
Amatsutsanso kuti mbatata zimagulitsidwa kutsukidwa. “Mukawaika m'madzi, amatsegula ma pores ndikutenga chinyezi, salinso ofanana. Ndipo kuwola kotheka kapena matenda atha kufalikira ». Nicolás amangotsuka mbatata zomwe zimapita kwa makasitomala omwe amapempha, monga Pepsico, koma samatsuka mbatata kuti asunge mtundu wake.
Ili ndi njira yosungira yoyambira yomwe imasunga kutentha kosalekeza m'masitolo momwe zokolola zimasungidwa. Zomverera zimazindikira kusiyanasiyana kotentha, komwe kumakonzedwa mothandizidwa ndi ma tunnel olowera kunja kuchokera kunja ngati kuli kofunikira. Akuti "sizovuta kuti azizizira kwambiri chifukwa shuga amapangidwa kuzizizirako kenako nkukhala wakuda mukazizuma."
Pobzala, amagwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe adadziwonetsa ku Spain pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri zapitazo. Nicolás anali ndi malingaliro m'mutu mwake kuyambira 2000 ndipo adayendayenda kuzungulira Europe kuti awone momwe zinthu zimachitikira m'maiko ena. Kumbukirani momwe ku France alimi amabisa makina atsopano kuti asaulule zatsopano pamipikisano yawo; France imagulitsa mbatata zambiri ku Spain ndipo alimi aku France samapindula chifukwa choti anthu aku Spain amaphunzira njira zatsopano zomwe zitha kuwonjezera zokolola ndikuchepetsa mtengo wopangira.
Komabe, adamaliza kupeza zomwe amafuna ndipo kuyambira 2003 adayamba kukhazikitsa njira yobzala mbatata zomwe zidasintha zinthu. Njira yatsopanoyi yokonzera nthaka imasiya gawo lapansi momasuka kwambiri ndipo imalola kupeza zokolola zofanana kapena zochulukirapo pogwiritsa ntchito njere zochepa. Nthaka ikamatuluka kwambiri, mizu ya mbewuyo imakula kwambiri ndipo ma tubers amakula bwino, motero ndikofunikira kusiya malo ambiri pakati pa mbatata iliyonse yomwe yabzalidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, zitunda zimakhala masentimita 90 kupatukana, m'malo mwa 75 wamba.
Chifukwa chake, popereka masentimita owonjezera pang'ono pakati pa mbatata iliyonse yomwe yaikidwa m'manda ndikulekanitsanso mizere, pakati pa 200 ndi 300 kilos ya mbewu pa hekitala imasungidwa. Poganizira kuti a Nicolás amathyola mahekitala 300 a mbatata pachaka, izi zikuyimira kupulumutsa kosaganizirika. Komanso tikazindikira kuti nthaka ili bwino, izi sizikutanthauza kuchepa kwa zokolola, koma zosiyana, chifukwa phazi lililonse limatulutsa mbatata zokulirapo.
Koma palibe chaulere ndipo kuti mukwaniritse zotsatirazi muyenera kuyika ntchito yambiri komanso ndalama zambiri pamakina. Njirayi ndiyosavuta, ngakhale ndiyokwera mtengo. Choyamba khasu lachisanu limadutsa mozama. Pambuyo pake, nyengo yofesa ikamayandikira, mlimi amadutsa pafupi yemwe amapeputsa nthaka pang'ono ndikufalitsa kompositi. Kenako ntchito yapadera imagwiritsidwa ntchito yomwe imasiya mizere inayi yakuya ndi mizere pakati pawo yolumikizana kuti makina otsatira, ofunikira kwambiri, azigwira ntchito.
Makinawa akufunsidwa ali ndi udindo wokweza dziko lapansi kuchokera kumapiri awa ndikuwasefa ndi makina odzigudubuza omwe amangolola gawo lotayikalo kugwa kachiwiri ndikulekanitsa miyala, ziboda ngakhale zingwe zomwe zidakwiriridwa ndi mabele amudzu am'mbuyomu. ndi zinthu zina zakunja zomwe zingakhale pansi. Malinga ndi a Nico, mwana wamwamuna wa Nicolás, ziboda zimalepheretsa kukula kwa ma tubers ndipo palibe chifukwa chomenyera kuti ziwasinthe ngati atha kugawanika.
Ndi miyala yonse ndi ziboda zomwe zimachoka, zinthu ziwiri zitha kuchitika. Njira yoyamba ndikutaya pa kalavani kuti muchotseretu pachiwembucho. Koma palinso njira ina yosiya pansi pa mizere, momwe mbeu za mbeuyo ndi zosakanikirana zidzakhalire, zomwe ndizopindulitsa: ngati mvula igwa ndipo nthaka ikhala yofewa kwambiri, kuti miyala yamiyala yambiri achita chinyengo. mapepala owala miyala ndipo amalola makina kugwira ntchito osamira m'mikhalidwe yomwe ikadakhala yosatheka.
Makinawa akadutsa, ndiye nthawi yobzala mbeu. Malinga ndi a Nicolás, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ndi apadera ku Spain. Amayang'anira kukula kwa mbatata iliyonse yomwe amaikapo ndipo kutengera kuti ndi yayikulu kapena yaying'ono amasiya malo ochepa kapena ochepa mpaka mbewu yotsatira. Mbatata zazikulu zimakhala ndi maso ambiri, ndipamene zimamera, kotero zikuluzikulu zimapanga mbewu zazikulu zomwe zimafunikira malo ambiri oti zikule, pamwambapa komanso pansi pake. Izi zimapangitsa kuti nthaka igwiritsidwe ntchito, ndikupeza zokolola zochuluka popanda kuwononga mbewu. Kuphatikiza apo, makinawo amapanga timabowo tating'onoting'ono pakati pa mzere ndi mzere uliwonse pang'ono kuti madzi othirira asamawonongeke ndikugwiritsa ntchito bwino.
Pothirira Nicolás amagwiritsa ntchito zida zosinthasintha. Amalumikizidwa ndi kumwa madzi kumapeto kwake, amasinthasintha mozungulira. Ena mwa iwo ali ndi mahekitala opitilira XNUMX kuzungulira kumodzi. Kudziwa nthawi komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi Nicolás amagwiritsa ntchito zomwe adakumana nazo. "Uyenera kupitako, ndi momwe zimawonekera." Njira yothirira imayendetsedwa ndi mwana wake wamwamuna Nico, yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo watsopano. Pogwiritsa ntchito foni yam'manja mutha kuyipangitsa kuti igwire ntchito kulikonse komanso kulikonse komwe mungafune, ndikupatsa liwiro loyenera kuti mulowetse dziko lapansi ngati kuli kofunikira. M'malo mwake, yagwirizanitsa kuthirira kuchokera kugombe lakumadzulo kwa United States popanda vuto.
Nico akuti matekinoloje amtunduwu ndi amtsogolo, ngakhale akumwetulira akuyang'ana abambo ake pomwe akunena kuti anthu achikulire zimawavuta kubwera ndi zatsopanozi. Amalankhula za ma drones omwe amazindikira fungus spores koyambirira kuti mankhwala azigwira bwino ntchito ngati kuli kofunikira kapena kusunga fungicide ngati sikofunikira kuigwiritsa ntchito; kapena kuchokera kuzinthu zomwe zimapewa kufesa mbewu (zimalikulanso tirigu ndi barele) pomwe zotsalira za thirakitala zidzatsalira mukamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amtundu wa bowa. Izi ndi zomwe zachitika kale ndipo zomwe zidzafalikira mwachangu mzaka zikubwerazi.
Ndipo ikadzalidwa ndi kuthiriridwa, ndi nthawi yokolola. Nicolás amagwiritsa ntchito makina matani 32 pantchitoyi yomwe ili ndi hopper yomwe imatha kusunga ma kilogalamu 16,000. Kuphatikiza apo, pochotsa mbatata, imawalekanitsa ndi nthaka ndi miyala yomwe imatha kuwatsagana nawo pogwiritsa ntchito makina odzigudubuza. Ndipo imatha kugwira ntchito ndi matope chifukwa chadongosolo lomwe miyala imawunjikidwa munjanji mukamakonza nthaka ndi njanji zake ziwiri kutsogolo kwazitsulo. Ndi makina awa tsopano pali anthu ogwira ntchito, popeza ogwira ntchito omwe mwamwambo akuyang'anira kusonkhanitsa mbatata zomwe makina akale amangozisiya pamwamba sizifunanso.
Mbatata ya mbewu.
Nicolás amagulitsa mbatata kuti azidya komanso kugulitsa, komanso mbatata. Mbatata iyi imalimidwa mwanjira ina, popeza imakwiriridwa pafupi, zomwe zimawalepheretsa kukula momwe angathere ndikuwapangitsa kukhala ochepa. Mbewuyo imagulitsidwa ku Spain konse kenako imagulidwa kuchokera kwa alimi kuti akaigulitse. Mwanjira imeneyi, amatenga mwayi pamitengo yosiyanasiyana yomwe mbatata zimalimidwa pachilumba kuti zisathe msika nthawi iliyonse. Mbatata zawo, kutengera nthawi ya chaka, mwina adalima ku Seville, Salamanca, Murcia kapena Burgos, kuti apereke zitsanzo zingapo.