Danny Murphy nthawi ina adalipira $10 pathumba lambewu ya soya, masenti 18 mpaka 30 pa galoni pa dizilo, $200 pa tani ya urea, $20 patsiku pantchito yobwereketsa, ndi $25 ya renti. Izo zinali pamenepo; izi tsopano. "Ulimi nthawi zonse umasintha mwanjira ina, koma mutha kukhala otsimikiza za chinthu chimodzi: Ndalama zolowera zikukwerabe".
Mu 1974, Danny Murphy wazaka 21 analipira $10 pa thumba lambewu ya soya, masenti 18 mpaka 30 pa galoni imodzi pa dizilo, $20 patsiku pantchito yolembedwa, ndi $25 ya renti. Izo zinali pamenepo; izi tsopano.
Atavula nsapato zake zaulimi mu 2022 komaliza, Murphy akufotokoza nkhani ya kukwera kwa mitengo ndi kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama m'zaka 48 m'munda: "Kukwera kwa mitengo kunasuntha m'madera onse kuchoka ku feteleza kupita ku mankhwala ophera udzu, koma zida ndizomwe ndidazimva kuti ndizoyipa kwambiri. Mukukumbukira parody? Ngakhale mitengo ikukwera monga momwe zilili mu 2022, ngati atsatira njira yokwera ya magalimoto kapena mathirakitala, mitengo yokwera yomweyi iyenera kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa momwe ilili pano.
Ngakhale ndi chithunzi chabe cha zomwe mlimi wina adakumana nazo, umboni wa Murphy ndi umboni wowoneka bwino wa kukwera kwakukulu kwamitengo komwe kunalembedwa pakanthawi kochepa ka ntchito yaulimi imodzi.
Kukwera Mtengo
Pamwamba pa dothi lotayirira lomwe linawombedwa zaka zikwi zingapo zapitazo kuchokera ku Midwest, Murphy olima chapakati Mississippi, pamodzi ndi mchimwene wake, Tommy, kuyambira 1974-2021. Pamagawo otsetsereka otsetsereka kuchokera pa 1% mpaka 4%, Murphy adalima thonje ndi soya, kenako chimanga, pa maekala 1,600 ku Madison County.
Thonje adalamulira minda yake mpaka pafupifupi 2000, koma kutengera kutsika kwamitengo komanso kuchuluka kwa nematode ya reniform, Murphy adawonjeza chimanga pagulu lake la mbewu. Poyang'anitsitsa manambala olowetsamo, Murphy adayamba kusintha pang'ono mpaka 2005, ndipo pofika 2009, ntchito yake yonse inali itatha.
“Mukayang’ana m’mbuyo ku 1974, tinkadutsa mikangano yambiri poletsa udzu, nthaŵi zina mlungu uliwonse, koma tinalibe chochita. Kenako ma GMOs/Roundup Ready adatuluka kuyambira 1996-1997, ndipo mwadzidzidzi tinali osachepera. Zinali kusintha pang'onopang'ono mpaka kumapeto ndipo ndinawona ndalama zambiri zogulira dizilo, antchito, kuvala kwa zipangizo, kukonza nthaka, ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamoyo. "
“Mukayamba kusunga ndalama zogulira zinthu, zimapanga kusiyana kwakukulu pafamu yanu yonse—ndipo mwatsoka, zosiyana ndi zowona, ndichifukwa chake kukwera kwa mitengo kumakugwerani ndipo nthawi zina simukuzindikira.”
Nthawi Yopita
Cholinga cha moyo wa Murphy chinali chopuma pantchito pazaka 70. Komabe, chilombo cha inflation cha 2021 chinakoka mawonekedwe atali kuchokera kwa Murphy wochenjera. Pakati pa zokolola za 2021, mitengo ya feteleza idakwera, limodzi ndi kukwera mtengo kwa mankhwala ophera udzu komanso mafunso okhudzana ndi kupezeka, Murphy adawerengera 69.
“Mitengo ya zinthu sinali yopenga panthawiyo. Mitengo yake inali yolimba, koma osati yolusa. Kwenikweni, unali msika wocheperako, ndipo ndi Tommy wokonzeka kutsika, ndidadziwa kuti inali nthawi yoti ndipite. Ndinali kuyang'ana mafuta, herbicide, nitrogen, ndi zina zomwe zikukwera pang'onopang'ono. Sindinafune kuyika chaka pachiwopsezo ndikubweza ndalama zomwe ndapuma pantchito. Zimenezi zinalidi m’maganizo mwanga.”
Palibe nthawi yabwino yoti mlimi apume pantchito, koma Murphy adadalira chibadwa. "Ndinasiya mitengo ikukwera ndipo ndinamva bwino. Zedi, ndikadadziwa kuti mitengo yokwera ikubwera, ndikadazengereza, koma 69 ali ndi zowawa zambiri, ndipo mwina ulesi pang'ono, "akutero Murphy ndikuseka. "Ndikumva bwino ndikuchoka, ndipo palibe njira yodziwira zomwe zidzachitike pambuyo pake, koma ndikukulonjezani chinthu chimodzi - zasintha m'moyo wanga ndipo zikuyendabe m'kupita kwa nthawi."
The Shrinking Dollar
Poganizira za chuma chaulimi pantchito yake yonse, Murphy adayamba kukopeka ndi kusiyana pakati pa mitengo ya zida zaulimi zamadzulo ndi zamakono. "Ndinayamba kumva kugunda kwa makina. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1970, thirakitala yatsopano inanditengera ndalama pafupifupi $25,000, kompositi inali pafupifupi $30,000, ndipo chotola thonje cha John Deere 9900 chinali pafupifupi $35,000. Inde, zimenezo zinali ndalama zambiri tsiku limenelo, ndipo katundu anali wotsika, koma zinthu zonse zinali zotsika kwambiri.”
Powonjezera makinawo, Murphy amakumbukira mitengo ya dizilo mu 1974 pakati pa masenti 18 mpaka masenti 30 pa galoni. “Tinkachita malonda ndi mathirakitala pakatha zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zilizonse ndikuchitanso chimodzimodzi ndi otola. Zoona zake n’zakuti mlimi amatha kusuntha zipangizo koma osavulala.”
Mosakayikira kwambiri kuposa makina, mitengo ya nthaka inali yofanana ndi mitengo yapansi. Zaka zisanu Murphy asanayambe ulimi, abambo ake, Carl, adagula famu yaing'ono yokhala ndi dothi labwino ku Madison County kwa $ 200 pa ekala. Pafupifupi zaka 14 pambuyo pake, Murphy adagula famu yofananayi ku Madison County kwa $900 pa ekala. Zonsezo zinali mitengo yabwino panthawiyo, pansi pa $3,500-$4,000 ya minda m'dera lathu lero. Izi sizili pafupi ndi zomwe amalipira ku Iowa kapena Illinois, koma kusiyana kwazaka zambiri kumakhala kosavuta kuwona. ”
Njira yomweyo sinakhale yodabwitsa kwambiri pakubwereketsa ndalama, zolemba za Murphy. “M'dera lathu lero, malo osathirira, mumalipira ndalama zoposera $80 pa ekala imodzi. Mu 1974, malo omwewo anabwereka $25 pa ekala imodzi.”
Inshuwaransi ya mbeu sinalingaliridwanso kwa Murphy-osachepera mu 1974. Kupeza $ 15 pa ekala pazovuta kwambiri (ndipo poganizira alimi ambiri anali ndi zolemba / zolemba zochepa) chinali chiyembekezo chokhala ndi chidwi chochepa. "Zinali zopanda pake panthawiyo ndipo sitinaganizepo zambiri za izo. Zonse zinasintha pambuyo pake ndipo sindikanapita popanda inshuwaransi ya mbewu, koma zinali zovuta kwambiri kuti ndipeze ndalama nthawi imeneyo. ”
Ndi fetereza? Murphy amakumbukira mitengo yofananira yogwiritsira ntchito phosphate, potashi, ndi urea mu 1974—koma mitengo yosiyana kwambiri. “Feteleza ambiri anali opangidwa ndi ma homogenized ndipo anali ndi sulfure kale. Ndinganene kuti tinalipira $150 pa tani pa phosphate ndi potashi, ndi $200 pa tani ya urea.”
Ogwira ntchito zaulimi ku Madison County nthawi zambiri amakoka $2-$3 pa ola limodzi kapena pafupifupi $20 patsiku.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala azitsamba kunkazungulira Treflan, Karmex, ndi Cotoran—mankhwala aliwonse amawononga pafupifupi $5 pa ekala.
Mitengo yambewu inali yosiyana kwambiri, makamaka ya thonje, ndipo zimatengera zomwe zitha kupangidwa ndi gin. "Thonje anali kubweretsa kwinakwake pa 50 cent. Tinkagula mbewu za gin-run, ndipo ngati mungathe kuzipeza pamalo okolola kwambiri, mumazichotsa, kuzikonza, ndikuzigulabe zotchipa. Kenako mutha kuwonjezera matumba angapo pashelefu yamitundu yatsopano pafupifupi $60 pachikwama chilichonse. Nyemba za soya zinalibe mitundu yoteteza ndipo tinkagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mitundu ya anthu. Tinalipira ndalama zogulira matumba ndipo ndinganene kuti nyemba za soya zimatitengera $10-$14 pa thumba lililonse, ndipo amagula $4-$6 pa bushel.”
Atakulungidwa mtolo, Murphy amakhoma ndalama zake zonse za 1974 za thonje pafupifupi $200 pa ekala ndi soya pa $125 pa ekala, kusiyana ndi mtengo wake wa 2021 pa ekala imodzi ya chimanga pa $550 ndi soya pa $400.
"Kufananiza mitengo yazinthu ndi mbewu sikophweka chaka ndi chaka kuti mukhalebe mubizinesi, makamaka ngati zinthu zikuyenda mwachangu kapena mosayembekezereka," Murphy akuwonjezera. “Mukunena za vuto, koma ndi zomwe alimi asiya lero akuyenera kukumana nazo. Ulimi nthawi zonse umasintha mwanjira ina, koma mutha kukhala otsimikiza za chinthu chimodzi: Ndalama zogulira zikukwerabe. ”