Munthawi ya Nkhondo Zaka Zisanu Ndi Ziwiri zapakati pa 1700s, wamankhwala wazankhondo waku France wotchedwa Antoine-Augustin Parmentier adagwidwa ndi asitikali aku Prussian. Monga mkaidi wankhondo, amakakamizidwa kuti azikhala ndi chakudya cha mbatata. Cha m'ma 18th century France, izi zitha kukhala ngati nkhanza komanso chilango chachilendo: mbatata zimaganiziridwa ngati chakudya cha ziweto, ndipo amakhulupirira kuyambitsa khate mwa anthu. Mantha anali ponseponse kotero kuti a French adapereka lamulo lotsutsana nawo mu 1748.
Koma monga momwe Parmentier adadziwira m'ndende, mbatata sizinali zakupha. M'malo mwake, anali okongola kwambiri. Atamasulidwa kumapeto kwa nkhondoyi, wamankhwala uja adayamba kutembenuza anthu am'mayiko ake za zodabwitsa za tuber. Njira imodzi yomwe adachitira izi ndikuwonetsa njira zonse zabwino zomwe zingaperekedwe, kuphatikizapo yosenda. Pofika 1772, France idachotsa chiletso chake cha mbatata. Zaka mazana angapo pambuyo pake, mutha kuyitanitsa mbatata yosenda m'maiko ambiri, m'malesitilanti kuyambira pachakudya chofulumira mpaka pachakudya chabwino.
Nkhani ya mbatata yosenda imatenga zaka 10,000 ndikudutsa mapiri aku Peru ndi madera aku Ireland; imakhala ndi ma cameo ochokera kwa a Thomas Jefferson komanso wasayansi wazakudya omwe adathandizira kupanga chakudya chodyera paliponse. Tisanafike kwa iwo, tiyeni tibwerere koyambirira.
Chiyambi cha mbatata
Mbatata sizachilendo ku Ireland - kapena kulikonse ku Europe. Amakhala akuweta m'mapiri a Andes aku Peru komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Bolivia, komwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya kuyambira kale 8000 BCE.
Mbatata zoyambazi zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi mbatata zomwe tikudziwa lero. Iwo anabwera mu zosiyanasiyana mawonekedwe ndi makulidwe ndipo ndinali ndi kulawa kowawa kuti palibe kuphika kulikonse komwe kumatha kuchotsa. Analinso ndi poyizoni pang'ono. Pofuna kuthana ndi poizoni, abale amtchire a llama amatha kunyambita dothi asanadye. Poizoni wa mbatata amatha kumamatira kumatopewo, kuti nyamazo azidya mosamala. Anthu ku Andes adazindikira izi ndipo adayamba kuthira mbatata zawo munthaka ndi madzi - osati mtedza wokopa kwambiri, mwina, koma yankho lanzeru pamavuto awo a mbatata. Ngakhale lerolino, pamene kuswana kumapangitsa mitundu yambiri ya mbatata kukhala yotetezeka kudya, mitundu ina yapoizoni imatha kugulidwabe m'misika ya Andes, komwe imagulitsidwa limodzi ndi fumbi lothandizira chimbudzi.
Pofika nthawi yomwe ofufuza aku Spain adabweretsa mbatata zoyamba ku Europe kuchokera ku South America m'zaka za zana la 16, zidalimidwa mu chomera chodyera kwathunthu. Zinatengera iwo kanthawi kuti apite kutsidya lina, komabe. Malinga ndi nkhani zina, alimi aku Europe anali kukayikira mbewu zomwe sizinatchulidwe m'Baibulo; ena amati chinali chakuti mbatata zimamera kuchokera ku tubers, osati mbewu.
Olemba mbiri amakono a mbatata amatsutsa mfundo izi, komabe. Kuchotsa kabichi m'Baibulo sikukuwoneka ngati kukuvulaza kutchuka kwake, ndipo kulima tulip, pogwiritsa ntchito mababu m'malo mwa mbewu, kumachitika nthawi yomweyo. Mwina lidali vuto lokhazikika pamunda. Nyengo zaku South America mbatata zomwe zidakulirakulira zinali zosiyana ndi zomwe zimapezeka ku Europe, makamaka potengera maola a tsiku limodzi. Ku Europe, mbatata zimamera masamba ndi maluwa, omwe akatswiri azomera amaphunzira mosavuta, koma ma tubers omwe amapangira amakhalabe ochepa ngakhale patadutsa miyezi ingapo. Vutoli lidayamba kuthetsedwa pomwe aku Spain adayamba kulima mbatata kuzilumba za Canary, zomwe zimagwira ntchito ngati malo apakati pakati pa equatorial South America ndi madera ena akumpoto aku Europe.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa, komabe, kuti pali umboni wina wazikhalidwe zomwe zatchulidwa kale. Pali mafotokozedwe omveka bwino kwa anthu akumapiri aku Scottish osakonda kuti mbatata sizinatchulidwe m'Baibulo, ndipo zikhalidwe monga kubzala mbatata Lachisanu Lachisanu ndipo nthawi zina kuziwaza ndi madzi oyera zimawonetsa ubale wina ndi mbatata. Iwo anali kukulirakulira, koma popanda kutsutsana. M'kupita kwa nthawi, nkhawa za mbatata zomwe zimayambitsa khate zinawononga mbiri yawo.
Maphikidwe Oyambirira a Mbatata
Othandizira ochepa mbatata, kuphatikiza Parmentier, adatha kusintha chithunzi cha mbatata. M'buku lake lakale lakale la 18th Luso la Kuphika, Wolemba Chingerezi a Hannah Glasse analangiza owerenga kuti aziphika mbatata, azisenda, kuziyika mu poto, ndikupaka bwino mkaka, batala, ndi mchere pang'ono. Ku United States, a Mary Randolph adasindikiza a Chinsinsi kwa mbatata yosenda m'buku lake, Mkazi Wa Virginia, yomwe inkafuna theka la batala ndi supuni ya mkaka pa kilogalamu ya mbatata.
Koma palibe dziko lomwe linalandira mbatata ngati Ireland. Chakudya cholimba ndi chopanda michere chija chinkawoneka kuti chinapangidwira nyengo yozizira yachilumbachi. Ndipo nkhondo pakati pa England ndi Ireland zikuyenera kuti zidathandizira kusintha kumeneko; popeza gawo lofunika limakula mobisa, linali ndi mwayi wopulumuka pantchito yankhondo. Anthu aku Ireland amakondanso mbatata yawo yosenda, nthawi zambiri ndi kabichi kapena kale mu mbale yotchedwa Colcannon. Mbatata sizinangokhala chakudya wamba kumeneko; adakhala gawo lodziwika ku Ireland.
Koma zokolola zozizwitsa zidabwera ndi cholakwika chachikulu: Ndi kutenga matenda, makamaka vuto la mbatata mochedwa, kapena Phytophtora infestans. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda titafika ku Ireland m'ma 1840, alimi adataya ntchito ndipo mabanja ambiri adasowa chakudya. Njala ya ku Potato ya ku Ireland inapha anthu miliyoni, kapena kuti anthu asanu ndi atatu. Boma la Britain, kumbali yake, silinathandize kwenikweni nzika zake zaku Ireland.
Cholowa chimodzi chosayembekezereka cha Njala ya mbatata chinali kuphulika mu sayansi yazolimo. Charles Darwin anachita chidwi ndi vuto la vuto la mbatata pamasamba othandizira ndi asayansi; ngakhale iyemwini Ndalama kuswana kwa mbatata pulogalamu ku Ireland. Ntchito yake inali imodzi mwazinthu zambiri. Pogwiritsa ntchito mbatata zomwe zidapulumuka ndikuwonongeka kwatsopano ku South America, alimi aku Europe pamapeto pake adatha kubzala mitundu yathanzi, yolimba mbatata ndikumanganso ziwerengero za mbewuzo. Izi zidalimbikitsa kafukufuku wambiri pazomera zamasamba, ndipo anali gawo la gulu lonse lasayansi lomwe limaphatikizaponso ntchito yoyambitsa nthaka ya Gregor Mendel nandolo wam'munda.
ZIPANGIZO ZA NTCHITO YA MBATATA YABWINO
Chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, chida chotchedwa ricer chidayamba kuwonekera kukhitchini kunyumba. Ndi chitsulo chosanja chomwe chimafanana ndi chosindikizira chachikulu cha adyo, ndipo sichikugwirizana ndi kupanga mpunga. Pamene mbatata yophika imafinyidwa kudzera m'mabowo ang'onoang'ono pansi pa atolankhani, amasandulika kukhala abwino, kukula kwa mpunga zidutswa.
Njirayi ndi yolemetsa kwambiri kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito masher wakale, ndipo imabweretsa zotsatira zosangalatsa. Kusakaniza mbatata yanu ndikuiwalitsa mavitamini a gelatinized kuchokera ku maselo am'mera omwe amaphatikirana kuti apange mawonekedwe ofanana. Ngati munalawa mbatata yosenda “yolimba”, ndiye kuti kuyipitsa kwambiri ndikomwe kunayambitsa. Ndi wolemera, simuyenera kuzunza mbatata zanu kuti mukhale osalala, opanda mtanda. Oyeretsa ena amati mbatata zosenda zopangidwa motere sizimaphimbidwa kwenikweni — zakhuta — koma tiyeni tisalole oyenda pansi kuti asokoneze chakudya chokometsera.
Kusintha kwa mbatata ZOMWEZEKA PANG'ONO
Ngati oyenda mbatata yosenda ali ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi ma ricers, adzakhala ndi zomwe anganene pachithunzichi. M'zaka za m'ma 1950, ochita kafukufuku pamalo omwe masiku ano amatchedwa Eastern Regional Research Center, Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda ku United States kunja kwa Philadelphia, idapanga njira yatsopano yochotsera mbatata zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mbatata zitha kutenthedwa mwachangu kunyumba. Pasanapite nthawi, mbatata zamakono zamakono zimabadwa.
Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti izi zinali kutali ndi nthawi yoyamba mbatata idasowa madzi m'thupi. Chibwenzi mpaka nthawi ya a Inca, chuno Ndi mbatata yowuma yomwe imapangidwa kudzera muntchito zantchito komanso zachilengedwe. A Inca adapereka kwa asilikali ndipo anazigwiritsa ntchito poteteza kusowa kwa mbewu.
Kuyesa kuyanika kwamakampani kumayambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1700, ndi kalata imodzi ya 1802 yopita kwa a Thomas Jefferson akukambirana za chinthu chatsopano chomwe mudadya mbatata ndikusindikiza timadziti tonse, ndipo kekeyo imatha kusungidwa kwazaka zambiri. Mukamubwezeretsa madzi "anali ngati mbatata yosenda" malinga ndi kalatayo. Zachisoni, mbatata zinali ndi chizolowezi chosandulika mikate yofiirira komanso yokometsera.
Chidwi mu mbatata yosenda yomweyo idayambiranso munkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse lapansi, koma matembenuzidwe amenewo anali osowa kapena adakhalapo kwamuyaya. Mpaka pomwe ma ERRC mzaka za m'ma 1950 ndi pomwe mbatata yosenda yokometsetsa imatha kupangidwa. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu ndikupeza njira yowumitsira mbatata yophika mwachangu kwambiri, kuchepetsa kuphulika kwa ma cell ndikudyetsa kwa zotsiriza. Zipatso za mbatatizi zimagwirizana bwino ndi zomwe zimatchedwa zakudya zabwino panthawiyo, ndipo zidathandizira kugwiritsanso ntchito mbatata mzaka za m'ma 1960 zitachepa zaka zapitazo.
Mbatata yosenda yomweyo ndizodabwitsa za sayansi yazakudya, koma si okhawo omwe asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito ziphuphu zatsopanozi. Miles Willard, m'modzi mwa ofufuza a ERRC, adapitiliza kugwira ntchito yaboma, komwe ntchito yake idathandizira kuthandizira mitundu yatsopano yazakudya zokhwasula-khwasula pogwiritsa ntchito ziphuphu za mbatata zomwe zidapangidwanso, kuphatikiza Pringles.
